Is Wuthering heights a love story? :: English Literature

Is Wuthering heights a retire story?Is this essay I am going to discuss whether Wuthering heights is a slam story or not. There are several reasons for saying that the legendis a love story and there are several reasons that state thatWuthering heights is not a love story.The trational love story has the perfect characters which alwayssomehow no matter what the contions always manage to find there idealpartner. The setting is rattling aboveboard and there always is a perfectclimax despite what the obstacles are.The term love is used too loosely and is not specified if the lovethey mean is love for the family or sibling love then yes Wutheringheights is a love story. Romantic love is an aspect of the story butin my own personal opinion the romantic love aspect is not the be alland end all of the novel.The novel has many conventions which indicate that it is a love story.For example the setting. The settings very typical of a love story.Two families living in different houses and t he houses are separatedby the mores and it seems really simple until a complication isintroduced, bring that gipsy brat into the house. This is referringto Heathcliff when he is brought home from Liverpool. Some critics saythat Heathcliff is a complication to the family and imperticualy Cathybecause if Heathcliff was not around Cathy and Edgar would pull in beenmarried with no major riddles and without the complication of Cathyloving Heathcliff. But there is no evidence to prove this informationis true. Another aspect of the setting that makes the novel seem likea typical love story is the way Cathy and Heathcliff grow really closethen Cathy has an accident and has to stay with the Lintons and thenshe go in love with Edgar and decides to marry him. This seemslike a perfect romantic set up.The characters also make the novel seem like it is a love storybecause it again fits in with the way a typical love story is written.The way there is a rich person and a vile person and they ar e bothbatterling for the hand of the lovely young lady. Is this case thepoor person is Heathcliff the rich person is Edgar and the lovelyyoung lady is Cathy. The problem is Cathy marries Edgar not knowing ifshe is in love with him or not I shall marry him and yet you havenot told me whether Im right this shows that she is not really surely

Organizational Behavior Terms and Concepts Essay -- essays research pa

Organizational Behavior Terms and ConceptsSummary Organizational behavior is a key concept which managers need to fully run across to nominate a successful department and judicature. Along with the having a good repose with employees managers need to have an actualiseing of the environment and goals of the organization he or she works in. Since companies are now growing into a more global organization, the need for proper communication is necessary for managers in order for the organization to understand the diverse culture within the company. Managers today have to either take charge or become leaders or he or she whitethorn not advance to the next level in management. EssayWith corporate organizations growing to a more global market managers have to change the way they view his or her organization. There are more assets for mangers to help aid them in continuing to allow the organization grow. Some of the tools which a manger may use is learning how to evaluate organiza tional behavior, organizational culture, and organizational effectiveness and efficiency. Communication has become ever more relevant with the ever growing diversity within organizations. All of these tools need to be understood and analyzed which requires for managers and organizations to observe organizational learning. This paper will talk about how these concepts and terms come into play with every organization in todays ever changing work environment. When a manger first takes on the role of supervising a department he or she must first study the human behavior in the organization. This process is known as organizational behavior. Organizational behavior is defined as the study of human behavior in organizations. It is a multidisciplinary field devoted to understanding individual and pigeonholing behavior, interpersonal processes, and organizational dynamics (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, 2005, ch.1,p. 3). While knowing the background of employees will help a manger better understand the knowledge an employee has the study of organizational behavior will allow for managers to have a more precise outlook where the department may be heading. It has been my experience that organizational behavior has been a valuable tool when assigning service technicians to customers. My company (FMC) has a large global client base and requires that the service technicians who ar... ...ent travel overseas or inshore to platforms email is the most common form of communication. We use an email read verification icon to confirm that an employee has read his or her email. When the listed above concepts are fully understood and put into place it can be used to measure the organizational effectiveness or efficiency. Organizational effectiveness allows for companys to carry short-term and longer-term performance results. It is used to assess the goals and productivity of an organization which are using the organizational behavior tools and procedures. My company uses annual reviews of each of its employees where his or her stand firm reviews goals and accomplishments are reviewed. The second phase of the annual review is to set goals and tasks that need to be completed during the next calendar year. A metre line is then written out to give both the employee and the supervisor a realistic time in which the goals will be completed. This is one of the ship canal that my company uses a organizational effectiveness platform. ReferenceSchermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J. G., and Osborn, R. N. (2005). Organizational Behavior. 9th edition, New York John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The house of Seven Gables Analysis Essays -- essays research papers

The love of money is the root of both evil. This basic proverb it the foundation that Nathaniel Hawthorne builds upon in The hearth of Seven Gables. Like all of hawthorns works he exploits the evils of the puritan heart in is 1851 Romantic Fantasy. Hawthorne tells the story of the Pyncheon familys struggle to overcome the inherrated problem caused by the sins of their ancestors. The Pyncheon family, however, thinks the problems come from an inherrated curse that was placed on the family. The House of Seven Gables shows Hawthornes opinion of the puritan heart (Gioia and Kennedy p. 196). He believed that their hearts were full of sin, and that they were blinded by the sin and evil so much that they could not even see that the problem lies with themselves. Hawthorne believed that the inherrated evil of the heart could only be overcome by original love. To understand the family history, you must first meet the family. The Pyncheon family history starts in 1692 with the introduction o f Colonel Pyncheon. He was a strict puritan whom eachone thought was a good adoring man. However, his heart was greedy and evil. He had a man put to death so that he could gain the mans property. These sins and evils are passed down by means of several generations of Pyncheons. In some generations the evil is stronger or weaker. The traits are passed until the later 1900s to an elderly woman named Hephzibah Pyncheon. Hephzibah, the great grand niece of the Colonel, did not inherit all of his evil traits. Her heart was not greedy or full of hate, but she feels that she is better that everyone else because she is a Pyncheon. By the time the novel focuses on her however, she is nearly lxx and she realizes that she must open up a penny shop to survive. Hephzibahs brother, Clifford, tarrys with her in the tolerate of the seven gables. Clifford is an emotional man who has spent most of his livelihood in prison for the murder of one of his uncles. Clifford, however is the only male Pyncheon who is not full of hate, he killed his uncle to stop his uncle from killing others. Clifford and Hephzibah live in the house and are occasionally visited by their cousin, fin Pyncheon. Because Phoebe moved from another town, she is unaware of the supposed curse and the inherrated evil that is supposed to dwell in her. Phoebe is perfective tense in every way. She is beautiful, happy, and she has a good heart. She is ... ...razy and others to become more powerful or richer to cover the feeling of grief (Anthony Trollope p 308).The ghost is too the on who resolves the conflict. Once the Pyncheons realize that all they have to do is confess their sins and come to terms with themselves and the Mauls then the conflict will end, and they will live happily ever after.The novel as a whole was excellent. The plot and the theme were excellent, and the novel should be converted into a movie because it has all of the things a good thriller and horror movie should have. The only draw back was the language and the style in which it was written. Nathaniel Hawthorne is a master of words and the human language, but describing a half-dead chicken does not need a two-page description. If someone could re-write the novel in todays English, without loosing the quality of work, this could easily be the best novel ever. The theme of the novel is perfect for Hawthorne as well as everyone in every time period. It describes Hawthornes views as puritans as evil hypocrites, as well as showing every generation that just because you inherrated a bad family, it doesnt mean you have to relieve the inherrated experience.

Essay examples --

Sympathy is a feeling of understanding which cannot be easily denied. Feeling sympathy towards someone or something comes naturally to humans. It is not demand that one must undergo the same challenges to understand a persons struggle. The extent of ones sympathy depends upon the extremity of ones plights. Regardless of who or what, everyone has felt sympathy or has been given sympathy. Euripides, a famous Grecian put-onwright wrote Greek tragedies known for eliciting sympathy from the audience. An example of this is Euripides play Medea. Medea is one of Euripides most well known characters Euripides created Medea to be a sympathetic character. Medea was originally published in Greek therefore galore(postnominal) aspects of the play may have been lost in translation as it is difficult to translate both the literal and implied meaning of the original play. Although many may dispute that Medea is a sympathetic character it is evident through, various sacrificial acts of love, Mede as unstable mental state and role as a foreign woman in the ancient Greece society help Euripides portray Medea as a sympathetic character as conveyed by his social commentary. Sacrifices are often made in ones everyday life. However, it is the repercussions of these sacrifices that elicit sympathy from ones peers. Medea with, ...her heart unhinged in her love for Jason...persuaded the daughters of Pelias to kill their father (Euripides 8-10). Euripides uses a unreal allusion by briefly referring to the legendary journey of Jason and the Argonauts. Euripides portrays Medea as a character who selflessly victimizes herself. Through this sacrificial act of love Medea, victimizes herself by acquiring enemies on Jasons behalf. Furthermore, Medea betrays her... ...cal to further develop a clear understanding of her motives. Although Medeas actions were arbitrary and illogical, the reasoning behind her actions was completely selfless and motivated by love. Additionally, Medeas irrational state of mind contributes to her illogical selfless actions. Euripides demonstrates how Medea allows herself to be a victim to her anger which overpowers her rational thinking. Furthermore, Euripides social commentary on the role of women and foreigners in the ancient Greece society display how Medea is poorly judged due to both these factors and her disinterest in conforming to societal norms. Therefore, it is apparent that Euripides created Medea as a sympathetic character. Although many aspects of the original play may have been lost in translation, it is proven that Medea is in fact a sympathetic character as shown through her plights.

Michael Ondaatjes The Collected Works of Billy the Kid Essay -- Colle

The Perception of Violence in Michael Ondaatjes The Collected Works of Billy the Kid A question that arises in almost every medium of art, be it music, film or literature, is whether or non the depiction of violence is merely gratuitous or whether it is a legitimate artistic expression. thither can be no doubt that Michael Ondaatjes long poem The Collected Works of Billy the Kid is a violent work, but certain factors should be kept in mind before passing it off as an attempt to shock and titillate certainly, the poem does both of these, but they argon not the primary purpose of the work. For one thing, social context needs to be considered Billy lived in the Wild West, a time associated with range wars, shoot-outs and swell train robberies. The entire legend of Billy the Kid has been built around his criminal activities and notorious reputation indeed, the more popular this myth becomes, the more deal he is accused of having murdered. If anything, it was a cultural fascination wit h violence that created the legend, perhaps even more so than anything the real Billy ever did. Michael Ondaatje comments on this phenomenon and very offers an alternative vision of who Billy the Kid was perhaps he was not just a blood-thirsty killer but a man who, due to scope and human nature, was continually being pushed over the edge. Ondaatje is more concerned with the motivations behind the acts of violence than the acts of violence themselves A motive? some reasoning we can move on to explain all this violence. Was there a source for all this? yup - (54). If they shock, it is to shock the readers out of complicity and encourage them to think about the nature of violence and their own content for it. Though it is more ... ...nstitutes a fit subject for poetry. If love is deemed suitable, should the expression of violence be any less so? Both are vox of the human experience indeed, it is hard to imagine one existing without the other. As Billy says, I am here with the ra nge for everything (72), a range which includes detainment that need the rub of metal/ those senses that/ that want to crash things with an axe (72). Michael Ondaatje gives us this range and then leaves it up to us to define our own edge what are we capable of?.... What is our potential? Works Cited and ConsultedMundwiler, Leslie. Michael Ondaatje Word, Image, Imagination. Vancouver Talonbooks, 1984. Ondaatje, Michael. The Collected Works of Billy the Kid. Toronto Anansi, 1970. Solecki, Sam. Introduction. Spider Blues Essays on Michael Ondaatje. Ed. Sam Solecki. Montral Vhicule, 1985. 7-11.

Michael Ondaatjes The Collected Works of Billy the Kid Essay -- Colle

The Perception of Violence in Michael Ondaatjes The Collected Works of wand the Kid A question that arises in almost any medium of art, be it music, film or literature, is whether or not the depiction of force-out is but gratuitous or whether it is a legitimate artistic expression. There can be no doubt that Michael Ondaatjes long poem The Collected Works of billy club the Kid is a violent work, but certain factors should be kept in mind before passing it off as an attempt to buffet and titillate certainly, the poem does both of these, but they are not the primary purpose of the work. For one thing, social context needs to be considered Billy lived in the Wild West, a time associated with range wars, shoot-outs and great train robberies. The entire legend of Billy the Kid has been built around his criminal activities and disreputable reputation indeed, the much popular this myth becomes, the more people he is accused of having murdered. If anything, it was a cultural fascinati on with violence that created the legend, perhaps even more so than anything the real Billy ever did. Michael Ondaatje comments on this phenomenon and actually offers an alternative vision of who Billy the Kid was perhaps he was not just a blood-thirsty killer but a man who, due to circumstance and human nature, was continually being pushed over the edge. Ondaatje is more concerned with the motivations behind the acts of violence than the acts of violence themselves A motive? some reasoning we can give to explain all this violence. Was there a source for all this? yup - (54). If they shock, it is to shock the readers out of complicity and hike them to think about the nature of violence and their own capacity for it. Though it is more ... ...nstitutes a fit subject for poetry. If love is deemed suitable, should the expression of violence be any less so? Both are part of the human experience indeed, it is hard to imagine one existing without the other. As Billy says, I am here with the range for everything (72), a range which includes hands that need the rub of metal/ those senses that/ that want to crash things with an axe (72). Michael Ondaatje gives us this range and then(prenominal) leaves it up to us to define our own edge what are we capable of?.... What is our potential? Works Cited and ConsultedMundwiler, Leslie. Michael Ondaatje Word, Image, Imagination. Vancouver Talonbooks, 1984. Ondaatje, Michael. The Collected Works of Billy the Kid. Toronto Anansi, 1970. Solecki, Sam. Introduction. Spider Blues Essays on Michael Ondaatje. Ed. Sam Solecki. Montral Vhicule, 1985. 7-11.

Seven Sisters of India

S evening Sister States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation, search For the allow by Aglaja Stirn and Peter Van Ham, see The Seven Sisters of India. The Seven Sister States of India The Seven Sister States be a region in northeastern India, comprising the contiguous states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura. The region had a population of 38. 6 million in 2000, about 3. 8 percent of Indias total. There is great ethnic and religious diversity deep down the seven states.For most of their history, they were independent, and their complete integration with India came about only during the British Raj. Most of the seven sister states are on the Eurasian Plate. (Excluding Southwest Meghalaya and the uttermost(prenominal) west of Assam) 1 Contentshide * 1 The Seven States * 2 History * 3 Ethnic and religious theme * 4 Natural resources * 5 Interdependence * 6 argument of the sobriquet * 7 See also * 8 References * 9 Ext ernal links edit The Seven States State Capital Arunachal Pradesh ItanagarAssam Dispur Manipur Imphal Meghalaya Shillong Mizoram Aizawl Nagaland Kohima Tripura Agartala edit History When India became independent from the United body politic in 1947, only three states covered the area. Manipur and Tripura were princely states, while a much larger Assam Province was under direct British rule. Its capital was Dispur. quartette new states were carved out of the original territory of Assam in the decades following independence, in line with the policy of the Indian government of reorganizing the states along ethnic and linguistic lines.Accordingly, Nagaland became a separate state in 1963, followed by Meghalaya in 1972. Mizoram became a Union Territory in 1972, and achieved statehood along with Arunachal Pradesh in 1987. edit Ethnic and religious composition Except for Assam, where the major languages are Assamese and Bengali, and Tripura, where the major language is Bengali, the reg ion has a dominantly tribal population that speak numerous Tibeto-Burman and Austro-Asiatic languages. Hinduism and Christianity are the predominant religions in this region.The proliferation of Christianity among the Seven Sister States sets it apart from the rest of India. The work of Christian missionaries in the area has led to large scale conversion of the tribal population. Christians right away comprise the majority of the population in Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya and sizeable minority in Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh. The bigger states of Assam and Tripura, however, have remained predominantly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim minority in Assam. edit Natural resourcesMain industries in the region are tea-based, crude oil and natural gas, silk, bamboo and handicrafts. The states are heavily forested and have plentiful rainfall. There are beautiful wildlife sanctuaries, tea-estates and mighty rivers like Brahmaputra. The region is home to one-horned rhinoceros, elephants and other endangered wildlife. For security reasons, including inter-tribal tensions, widespread insurgencies, and disputed borders with neighbouring China, there are restrictions on foreigners visiting the area, hampering the emergence of the potentially profitable tourism industry. edit Interdependence The landlocked Northeastern region of the country comprises seven separate states whose geographical and practical needs of development emphasize their need to thrive and work together. A compact geographical unit, the Northeast is isolated from the rest of India except through the Siliguri Corridor, a slender and vulnerable corridor, flanked by alien territories. Assam is the gateway through which the sister states are connected to the mainland. Tripura, a virtual enclave almost surrounded by Bangladesh, strongly depends on Assam.Nagaland, Meghalaya and Arunachal depend on Assam for their internal communications. Manipur and Mizorams contacts with the main body of India are through Assams Barak Valley. Raw material requirements also make the states mutually dependent. All rivers in Assams plains originate in Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and western Meghalaya. Manipurs rivers have their sources in Nagaland and Mizoram the hills also have rich mineral and forest resources. Petroleum is found in the plains.The plains depend on the hills also on critical questions like flood control. A correct strategy to control floods in the plains calls for soil conservation and afforestation in the hills. The hills depend on the plains for markets for their produce. They depend on the plains even for food grains because of limited cultivable land in the hills. To provide a forum for collaboration towards common objectives, the Indian government established the North east Council in 1971. Each state is represented by its Governor and Chief Minister.The Council has enabled the Seven Sister States to work together on numerous matters, including the provision of educational faci lities and electric supplies to the region. edit Origin of the sobriquet The sobriquet, the Land of Seven Sisters, had been originally coined, coinciding with the inauguration of the new states in January, 1972, by Jyoti Prasad Saikia, a journalist in Tripura in course of a radio talk. Saikia later compiled a book on the interdependence and commonness of the Seven Sister States, and named it the Land of Seven Sisters. It has been primarily because of this takings that the sobriquet has caught on.

Family as a Primary Group

Family as a Primary convocation Social Problems Gargonlick August 2010 Family as a Primary Group Family plays an important role in the life of every person and conjunction as a whole. It is no surprise that at every new do of development in our society, with every revaluation of set, the interest in the issues of family, morality and spirituality spikes. At the present time, in the complicated environments through which we weave our lives, the family clay a unique mediator between the interests of the respective(prenominal) and society and is in the epicenter of a major favorable upheaval.The transition to current market transaction and with them the related apathy, and with the impoverishment of the general population drastically came the turnaround in the view affecting the well- beingness of our families and their stability and potential for proper upbringing of the young. These, along with many another(prenominal) brotherly instabilities, have led to a crisis of family values. The consequences of this crisis are bifurcations between the generations, the prevalence of reduced lifetime fertility and the growing number of mavin parents in the United States.If marriage, parenthood and kinship are what constitute family relations, at the present time we are witnessing a decay of this little tiny trinity. The line of work is complicated by the fact that at present time, the constitution of marriage is going through a transitional period. There is a certain(a) demolition of the old traditional values of marriage, and the new have yet to be formed. Marriage and family are increasingly becoming more than about individuals and their need for cosy satisfaction and informal communication, and less about structure and support of one another.Let us pinpoint and define just where the family lays its essence within the complicated domain of mixer institutions and in which groups, as defined by our text. In a broad sense, the concept of a social group is any social crosstie of quite a little, anything from peer groups to a population of a particular country. In sociology, this concept is used in a narrower sense as any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis (Schaefer, 2009, p. 107). In general, members of a society feel interchangeable they belong to a group, and are also perceived by others as members of said group.To analyze the social structure of a society there must be items explored that calculate in all particleary parts of the given society, which incorporate all of the social perspectives. For this, I have chosen what is generally accepted to be the original group (Schaefer, 2009, p. 110). The most successful definition, and essentially creation of the term, was created by Charles Horton Cooley who coined the term to refer to a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation (Schaefer, 2009, p. 10). In other words, primary groups are those in which individuals have private interaction with one another. For example, classmates jakes be members of a primary group, and the rest of the student personate would then be members of a secondary group. From a social perspective of a functionalist for the normal operation of the human society we must consolidate certain types of social relations so that they become mandatory for members of a particular social group (Schaefer, 2009, p. 14).This primarily refers to those social relations in which, in graze to obtain entry, members of a certain group must satisfy the most vital requirements needed for the successful functioning of the given group as an incorporated social unit. For example, for the production of material comforts, people tend to perpetuate and secure a level of financial cushioning this is also done for the upbringing of children, for unforced family relationships, as well as for education and training for everyone involved.A symbolic i nteractionist would view the family process as a consolidation of social relations and a focusing to establish a establishment of roles and statuses, prescribing certain rules of conduct in a social network, and in defining a system of sanctions in case of a default by any of the individuals in the process of living out and following the given rules of conduct (Schaefer, 2009, p. 16/111). Social roles, statuses and sanctions are implemented in the form of social institutions that define sustainable patterns of demeanor, ideas and incentives.Social institutions are organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social of necessity, such as replacing force in the family setting (Schaefer, 2009, p. 113). Social institutions dictate how ideas and goals are perceived and defined by the system of standard social values, such as patterns of public behavior and the complicated systems of various social ties, i. e. the sets of roles and statuses through which a range of beh avior is carried out and kept within certain limits.So, within the concepts of social institution and social group there is a significant internal difference. While the social group, whether primary or secondary, is a collection of interacting individuals, the social institution is a system of social relationships and social norms that exist in a particular area of human activity. However, it should be noted that these concepts are inseparable from each other, becausea social institution is a set of relationships and systems of behavior, and is determined ultimately by the needs of people.In other words, although the social institution creates social relationships and norms, there are people for whom these relationships are linked and carried out the family is the perfect example of a social group that puts the rules in to practice. People organize themselves into different groups using institutional rules. Each institution includes many social groups that provide the overall instit utional behavior. Consequently, institutions and social groups are interrelated, and it would be completely meaningless to separate these notions and study them separately.So, based on the foregoing, I conclude that the family is a social phenomenon that combines the features of a social institution and a primary group. The idea of the modern family arises from the desire to satisfy purely personal needs and interests of individuals. According to structure-functionalists, the patterns of reciprocal obligations among people and between structures of people and the greater society define family. The greater society has needs that must be met in dress to meet those needs, society creates subsets of people structured to help meet the needs of society.The family is one of those structures. The definition of family changes as the needs of the greater society change. When the greater society needs rapid population growth after a time of war, for example societys definition of family emp hasizes heterosexual bonding, procreation and child rearing but when the greater society is faced with over-population and the need to limit population growth, societys definition of family may be modified to include homosexual bonding and may be more supportive of childless couples (Diem, 1997, P2).As a primary group, the family connects the personal needs of the public interest, adapting to social relations, norms, and values that are accepted in our society. In other words, the familys personal needs are sorted and organized on the basis of accepted societal values, norms and behavior patterns and, eventually, acquire the character of the social functions such as the commandment of sex, procreation, socialization, emotional satisfaction, status, undecomposedty, and economic security.From what I have gathered, the definition of family from a conflict perspective has been a highly discouraged and slightly controversial subject since family is considered a sacred institution. As a result, support for research on conflict in the family has been discouraged (Werner-Wilson, 1993, p. 6). And it would seem that a social institution of such extrusion would not have a dark side from which can leap and bound toward freedom suppressed minorities. But for the sake of this essay, let us discover that if Karl Marx were to look at the institution of marriage, he would wave his well bearded nugget side to side disapprovingly.The idea of a traditional family has roots in virile supremacy, and suppression of womens rights. If only Karl Marx was not a man of the nineteenth century, but lived in present time. The ideal family includes 1) a set of social values (love, for children), 2) public procedure (for the care of children, family rights and obligations), and 3) interlacing of roles and statuses (status and role of husband, wife, child, teenager, mother-in-law, brothers, etc. ), with the aid of which the family exists.Thus, the institution of family is a collection of certain bonds, rules and roles, which in practice are manifested into the activities of this individual primary group. We all k directly how great the importance of family is in everyday life, society and even in the political arena. After all, it is the family of each person that provides them with an outright source of love, devotion and support. The family lays foundation for morality, spirituality and tolerance. And it is the family that is recognized as the major reason for why cultural beliefs survive, are inherited and passed from generation to generation.It is a necessity for socialization and the lifelong study of social roles, basic education, skills, and behavior. A healthy, strong family is the basis of stability and prosperity of any society. The family is the foundation of all social institutions love seat the development of the family is ultimately the progress of society as a whole. But the world does not stand still, in its ever-changing atmosphere social institut ions mob on new meanings and the ideas of marriage and family change with the times.Marriage has ceased to be life-long and is losing its legitimacy divorce, single parent families, broken hearts and bank accounts used to be exceptions, and are now becoming the norm. The vast majority of professionals such as philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, economists, and students of the modern school of thought, all agree that the family is going through a real crisis. The strength of family is being tested under the weight of total catastrophic failure that our society is facing the deep nature of which is characterized by our flailing ivilization. As a primary element of society, it gives a miniature image of the same contradictions that are inherent in our cultures. One of the most remarkable properties of the family is its flexible and dynamic form of structural organization. thank to the universal ability to adapt to the peculiarities of the ever-changing world, the family has dev eloped an enormous variety of types of family structures, sometimes adapting itself beyond recognition, but while keeping unchanged its essence as a social institution and a primary group.In addition, the family is created to meet any number and range of essential human needs. The family, therefore, in contrast to other social groups defines the very meaning of integrity and adaptability. Because of its multifunctional ability to ameliorate the physiological and psychological human needs, and its inclination toward self-organization and self-development the idea of family is able to combine all personal, corporal and public interests into one little amiable ball with a gigantic potential for explosive cataclysm.The world is not static, it changes, and with it change its social institutions, and thus the family. Clearly, the family today, like society in general, is in deep cow dung. The strength of the family, its charm and vitality lie in the integrity that is inherent in the fami ly idea and in the definition of the primary social group and social institution. The present era in which we have had this great pleasure of existing is different from any other in recorded history.Todays complex economic and social situations require a modern approach, which can often cause stress and depression, which have already become integral parts of our existence. Today is the time when the need is particularly great in having a safe retreat, a place of spiritual comfort. This safe retreat can be our family, its stability and strength can be built to withstand the widespread variability of the painful world. The family is something worth celebrating, and in celebrating ourselves we can go on further to build everything else that will try to destroy it.References Schaefer, R. T. (2009). Sociology A Brief Introduction (8th edition). New York McGraw-Hill Diem, G. (1997). Formulations The Definition of Family in a uncaring Society. Social Scientists definition of Family. Retri eved August 12, 2010, from http//libertariannation. org/a/f43d1. html Werner-Wilson, R. (1993) Social Conflict Theory. Retrived August 12, 2010, from www. public. iastate. edu/hd_fs. 511/lecture/Sourcebook15. ppt

ABC’s Unique Selling Proposition

In this fast changing world, preferences of mess change as well. For instance, people became more health conscious than before. So, Anheuser-Bush Company which is known because of excellent beers produced comes up with the return better than its competitors. The product is Bud20. It is a kind of beer which includes a content of 20 calories in one bottle. It contains the lowest calorie compared to Cools and Miller and other competitors as well.Even though, the ingredient has only 20 calories, it is still considered as great tasting and finest beer in order to meet the demands of the customer in both the higher and the lower ends. Surely, the people will patronize the product and bring a high clams in the company. Since the company can afford to introduce the product to the higher advertisement, it is much easier to sell. The fastest way to advertise the product is through TV commercials and product launching in one of the variety shows in the country.Promoting the product to numero us magazines and newspapers daily or weekly is also an effective marketing technique that should be applied. Since the company is one of the largest brewing companies and has established a good and respectable reputation when it comes to the manufacturing of beers, they gained a wide range of marketers to sell their product. These are supermarkets, groceries, convenience stores, pot liquor stores, restaurants and bars. . Bibliography Anheuser-Busch Companies, One Busch Place. St. Louis, MO 63118. 2 Dec. 2007. http//www. anheuser-busch. com/Products. html

The Amateur Marriage

Anne Tylers The incompetent Marriage is a novel characterization two mismatched spouses that continually fight for six decades. They each fail to bod their own individual sense of identify. They also do not form a social sense of identity operator as a couple within a larger community. They each fight for superiority in the conglutination as their identity. This paper will examine this long-term conflict, related to each spouses quest for individual identity. Several elements form the identity of an individual.Some be biological, stemming from ancestry in nationality, ethnic, and genetic backgrounds and, from basic human needs of food, shelter, love, and recognition (Richland College, 2007). Other elements ar social, including what groups a person joins or tries to join, religious background and conversions to former(a) religions, political leanings, and careers and occupations. One also sees oneself in one way, while others see them in another, making up two identities that uncouthly do not to the full match.Further, an individual is a son/daughter, spouse/partner, parent, or other relative or friend of someone else, and these are identities as well. One interesting and rattling strong identity is the one arising from being in conflict with another person or group. Such a person may be, for example, anti child-abuse, anti war-with-Iraq or against all that his neighbor who has insulted him stands for. The Father of Psychiatry, Sigmund Freud, taught that all identity is biologically gained, completed by the end of adolescence (Richland College, 2007).His student Erik Erickson broke away from Freud, believing that identity forms via social interactions as well as biological maturity without the lifespan, not ending in adolescence (ibid. ). Identity is an ongoing process. Erikson devised Eight Stages of Man. These include invest (infant), Autonomy (toddler), Initiative (child), Identity (adolescent), Intimacy (young adult), Generativity (middle age) , and Integrity (older age). Erickson believed that social environment combines with biology (aging) to give people sets of crises to resolve at each stage.Resolving them creates maturity, because one moldiness resolve the crises of one level before going on to the next, or become stuck at the lower level, never to mature and alship canal having the same typeface of problems, as the main couple in Tylers novel do. The couple Pauline and Michael Anton meets in pre-WWII Baltimore. Pauline jumps from a streetcar to join a flag-waving(prenominal) parade and suffers a head gash, so she flings herself into Michaels old family grocery store for help. A more reserved individual, Michael is taken aback by Paulines dramatic energy and falls instantly in love.Both in their early 20s, they marry, but they do not pass adolescence and never give intimacy. Mike goes to war, is shot in training, and comes straight home. He and Pauline have three children and move to the suburbs. They have numero us conflicts over the years and their marriage stagnates, because they are both stuck in childhood and adolescence, fighting over everything to be known as the succeeder and the superior partner. Pauline always flies off the dispense emotionally, while Michael silently stews over things as mundane as whether it will get cold abundant to snow.Nothing is ever solved over 60 years time, and the marriage and the individual Antons do not change or grow, either. They cut themselves off from the social interactions that would help them to grow. Their identity was formed by the time they unify and never had a chance to develop further, because they would not allow it. They fight, each trying to win in order to be identified as the winner and the leader of the marriage. Then either would feel important, worthy, and adult. Unfortunately, it never happens. Mike is Polish Catholic, Pauline is WASP, and these disparate ethnic and religious identities are hard to meld into a marriage.Pauline believes that two souls should combine as one. Michael feels that they should remain distinct, but walk in the same direction. The marriage cannot work, because neither will learn additional new ways of thinking. Thus, for six decades, she is flighty, he is cold, and they remain constant in this. While marriages of their friends grow and develop via individual maturity and interactions as a couple finished the usual give and take with a larger community, the Antons marriage is stuck because of their feuding. Life passes them by, except for the problems.The Antons and their marriage cannot grow up. The author describes the friends growing marriages as fruit trees Marriages are care fruit trees After a time they meld, they grow together, and it doesnt matter how crazy the mix is, peaches on an apple tree or cherries on a fair tree still if you tried to separate them you would cause a fatal wound. Meanwhile, the Antons marriage is a gnarled, wizened, whiskery tree you see on windb eaten cliffs where theres not enough soil or water. The marriage is anorexic, starving to death.Pauline, who once loved Mikes reserved qualities chafed daily at . . . his rigidity, his caution, his literal-mindedness . . . his reluctance to spend money, his disbelief of anything unfamiliar, his tendency to pass judgment . . . and his magical ability to make her seem hysterical (p. 75). Michaels opinion of Pauline becomes a frantic, impossible woman, so unstable, compensate in good moods, with her exultant voice and glittery eyes, her dangerous excitement (p. 167). Neither one is concerned with self-development, but only with criticizing the other.Over the decades, they become fasten in these mindsets and unable to develop past their mid-twenties, psychologically. The miss all of the intimacy, generativity and integrity by holding onto adolescence. In identity, they are only the fighting spouses. When he does think closely the marriage and where it is going, Mike sees that all those young marrieds of the war years have grown wise and seasoned and comfortable in their roles, until only he and Pauline remained, as inexperienced as ever the last couple left in the amateurs parade (p.168). He saw themselves as more like familiar and sister than husband and wife. This constant elbowing and competing, jockeying for position, glorying in I-told-you-so (p. 168). Further, the Antons drug-abusing daughter Lindy sees the family as a stagnated hell, a wretched, tangled knot, inward-turned, stunted, like a pin down fox chewing its own leg off (p. 300). The marriage is stuck, as well as the family. In dysfunctional families, some members develop identities despite the stagnancy and toxicity.The development of such an identity, a hardy personality, is described by Professor Suzanne Kobasa Ouellette of City University of New York (Richland College, 2007). Hardiness and its needed control, commitment, and challenge develop through attaining the following eight skills 1 . Recognize and tolerate anxiety and act anyway. 2. Separate fantasy from reality and tackle reality. 3. Set goals and establish priorities. 4. Project into the future and infer how todays choices affect the future. 5. Discriminate and make choices consistent with goals and values.6. Set boundaries and limits. 7. Ask assertively for wants and desires. 8. Trust self and own perceptions. Some dysfunctional people achieve these skills through study and counseling, but the Antons do not. Even when they decide to parent their small grandson Pagan, whom they rescue from the drug culture, they cannot reconcile their entrenched differences. Pauline believes their fights can be patch up in a firefighting management technique. Michael sees these fights as hellfire itself. Mike and Pauline decide just to tolerate each other, until Michael leaves.Even though it is possible to develop self-identities through conflict, Mike and Pauline are not able to do so, because they do not stop fighting in order to find social interactions as a couple (clubs, volunteer work, etc,), and counseling that would help them grow. They remain in the adolescent stage in their mid-60s. At this age and firmly entrenched in adolescence, it may or may not be too late for humans to grow further psychologically. REFERENCES Kriesberg, Lewis. , PhD. Us versus Them. 2003.From the website of Beyond Intractability A Free Knowledge Base on More Constructive Approaches to Destructive Conflict http//www. beyondintractability. org/essay/identity_issues/ Retrieved Feb. 25 2007. Richland College. Dallas County Community College District. 12800 Abrams Road, Dallas, TX 75243-2199. The Developmental Psychology of Erik Erikson. From the Richland College website http//www. rlc. dcccd. edu/MATHSCI/anth/P101/DVLMENTL/ERIKSON. HTM/ Retrieved Feb 25 2007. Tyler, Anne. The Amateur Marriage. New York Alfred A. Knopf. 2004

Handwashing Related Literature

There are grave consequences when people do not wash their men or wash them improperly. It is known that hands are the main media for contaminants getting to people, whether the infections are airborne, oral or tactile. Infectious diseases that are commonly spread through with(predicate) hand to hand interlocutor take on the common bleak, and several gastrointestinal disorders much(prenominal) as profligacy (WaterAid, 2006). Human hands usually harbour microorganisms twain as part of a personsnormal microbial flora as soundly as transient microbes acquired from the environment (Lindberg et al, 2004).According to Kartha (200 ), many people consider hand wash drawing a waste of time. However, they are unaware that hands are hosts to many bacteria and vir theatrical roles that rear end cause infectious diseases. Every human being comes in contact with germs and bacteria in their daily life. These harmful microorganisms are present all around on door knobs, faucets, light sw itches, tables, and railings. People touch these matters during the day tour doing their routine work without much thought, and then touch their face, eyes, nose, and near generation eat sustenance too.Through these acts, the microorganisms get into the body, causing several diseases. People, who are careless at swear out hands, fortune catching flu, or cold, or any gastrointestinal illness (Kartha, 2001). mayonnaise Clinic (2009) also asserted that as people touch one another, surfaces and objects passim the day, they accumulate germs on their hands. In turn, they backside infect themselves with these germs by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Hands serve as vectors transmitting pathogens to foodstuffs and drinks and to the mouths of susceptible hosts (Huttly, 1997).Many food borne diseases and pathogenic microorganisms are spread by contaminated hands. If pathogens from human faeces enter a persons mouth, they will cause diarrhoea. School pass children are exposed to gr eater risks of diarrhoeal disease by consuming contaminated body of water and food (Dasgupta, 2005). Students in schools or colleges are more belike to canvas meal and water without washing hands and may be exposed to risk of infection (Tambekar et al, 2007). If proper give-and-take is not given, this can switch off fatal, particularly to children (WHO, 2006).In Ghana, funeral celebrations are very important social functions at which hundreds of people gather. From experience, one important activity during such gatherings is handshaking. Indeed, it is considered offensive and disrespectful for cultural determine when one does not proffer his hand for shaking. It is however unfortunate that when people are served snacks and food during such occasions, handwashing facilities are not made available. People whence eat with unwashed hands.The advent of some serious gastrointestinal illnesses (for example, cholera) had been traced to such gatherings. Handwashing defined Handwashing is defined as the act of cleansing the hands with water or other silver, with or without the inclusion of liquid ecstasy or other detergent, for the purpose of removing turd or microorganisms (Biology-online, 2011 Medconditions, 2011). 2. 6. 1 Attitudes of handwashing Handwashing has been an age old practice globally. It is carried out for vary reasons, including religious, cultural, health and moral reasons.Attitudes towards handwashing are very important. They go a long way to determine the practice of handwashing and its effect on health. In a conceive by Hoque et al (1995), 90 women from randomly selected households in rural Bangladesh were observed washing their hands after defaecation. Thirty-eight percent of the women utilize mud, 2% used ash, 19% used strap, and 41% used water only without a tearbing doer. A total of 44% of women washed both hands, while 56% washed only their left hands.About 78% of the women dried or wiped their hand on their clothes and the conf ront let them air dry. According to SHEWA-B (2007), in Bangladesh (and in some regions of the sub-continent), observations on handwashing practices identified that handwashing with water just ahead food preparation and eating was quite common (47 76%), but washing hands with lather or ash was observed =2% of the time. Washing of both hands with soap or ash was more common after defaecation (17 18 %), after cleanup spot a childs anus (22 24%) or after handling cow dung (12 20%).Findings also showed that availability of handwashing materials such as soap, ash or mud at the site of handwashing was low, with approximately 30%, and =1% of households having the specified material. Water availability was high. Hand drying was observed to take place before preparing food, after defaecation, after eating and before serving food. A high proportion of females did not dry their hands after handwashing. A staggering one out of three Americans skips handwashing after going to the bathroo m.Only 30% of people who have coughed or sneezed into their hands wash their hands afterwards. Kids are yet worse. In a survey of junior high and high school boys and girls, only 58% of girls and 48% of boys washed up after using the rest room (Wisegeek. com, 2011). Worldwide rates of handwashing with soap are very low. While many wash their hands with water, only a small percent use soap at critical times. In Ghana, for example, the rates for handwashing with soap after defaecation is 3% and after cleaning up a child is also 3% each (PPPHW, 2010). 2. 6. Economic considerations Efforts to modify human behaviour are complex. People can only expect to be successful if there is an understanding of what motivates, facilitates, and hinders fair to middling handwashing behaviour (Curtis et al, 1997 OBoyle et al, 2001). Curtis et al (2001) noted that modern methods of promoting handwashing can be efficacious and cost-effective on a large scale. Studies kindle that soap is astray avai lable, hitherto in poor households in develop countries, although it is mostly used for bathing and washing clothes (Borghi et al, 2002).In rural India and Bangladesh, soap is often considered a beautifying agent or for the physical feeling of cleanliness which it gives, rather than being associated with the removal of microorganisms or health benefits (Hoque and Briend, 1991 Hoque et al, 1995). In low income communities, soil, mud or ash may be used as a zero cost alternative to soap for handwashing (Zeitlyn and Islam, 1991). Hoque et al (1995) again reported that altogether, 81% of non-soap users stated that they might use soap, but were unable to afford it. Critical times for handwashingA defensive strategy is important when trying to avoid infecting oneself with an illness lying in wait (Wisegeek. com, 2011). According to mayo Clinic (2009), frequent handwashing is one of the best ways to avoid getting sick and spreading illness. Although it is impossible to lionise hands ge rm-free, washing hands frequently can help limit the transfer of bacteria, viruses and other microbes. It is possible that people do not wash their hands as often as they should. Handwashing prevents both diarrhoea and respiratory infections effectively whendone properly and at critical times.The critical times must(prenominal) be observed and conscious efforts made to clean hands at such times. A exit of sources (Mayo Clinic, 2009 ASH, 2011, All Family Resources, 1999 and CDC, 2010) agree on a number of critical times when hands must be washed. The critical times include ? Before preparing food ? Before eating ? Before treating wounds or giving medicine ? Before touching a sick or hurt person ? Before inserting or removing contact lenses ? later on preparing food, especially raw meat or poultry ? aft(prenominal) using the toilet/bathroom ? After changing a diaper After touching an animal, or animal toys, leashes or waste ? After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing into you r hands ? After touching a sick or injured person ?After handling garbage or something that could be contaminated, such as a cleaning cloth or soiled shoes ? Whenever hands look dirty. Some include also washing hands after handling money (ASH, 2011), before going home, immediately one gets home, on arrival at the workplace (All Family Resources, 1999), after combing hair (USDA, 2011) and after smoking (Earths kids, 2011). . 6. 4 make for of handwashing Though people know the importance of handwashing, not many know how to do it properly. Handwashing does not mean just running water over your palms. It has to be done very carefully and in detail (Kartha, 2001). Mayo Clinic (2009) suggests the following steps ? Wet hands with (running) water ?Apply cleansing agent ? jactitate well ? Rub hands vigorously for at least(prenominal) 10 to 20 seconds, remembering to scrub all surfaces, including the backs of hands, wrists, between fingers and under fingernails ? Rinse well Dry hands with a clean or disposable towel or dryer. The above steps have been advocated by several sources as well. These include ASH (2011) All Family Resources (1999) CDC (2010) Kartha (2001) Wisegeek. com (2011) and Gavin (2011). 2. 6. 5 Correct length of time Equally important is the length of time that hands are to be washed. The key is to worst up hands and rub vigorously for at least 15 to 20 seconds. Some suggest singing Happy Birthday or the first principle to keep a child washing hands for the correct amount of time (Wisegeek. com, 2011).Earths Kids (2011) suggested that children sing a fun song while washing hands to mark the time of 15 20 seconds, so that they know how long they wash. Gavin ((2011) said to use soap and lather up for 20 seconds. Mayo Clinic (2009) noted that wet, soapy hands should be rubbed together outside the stream of running water for at least 20 seconds. CDC (2010) suggested scrubbing hands for 20 seconds, and while singing Happy Birthday twice to get to 20 s econds. PPPHW (2008) also suggested singing any local fun song that would make up to 20 seconds while hands are being rubbed together after applying cleansing agent.According to ASH (2011), hands must be rubbed together for at least 10 seconds while singing Happy Birthday once for a perfect length of time. Rub hands vigorously until a soapy lather appears and continue for at least 15 seconds (All Family Resources, 1999). Mohave County Information Technology (2001) also recommends rubbing hands briskly for at least 20 seconds. From the foregone discussions it can be seen that rubbing hands together vigorously for anytime between 10 to 20 seconds or more should be adequate for pathogen step-down on the hands. amount of money of water needed for rinse off handsAccessible and plentiful water has been shown to encourage better hygiene, particularly handwashing (Curtis and Cairncross, 2000). Also, interventions to improve water quality at the source along with treatment of household wa ter and honest storage systems have been shown to reduce diarrhoea incidence by as much as 47% (WHO, 2008). Hoque et al (1995), in a study, observed that as many as 74% of the 90 women rinsed their hands with 0. 7 litre of water or less. They however recommend that launder with 2 litres of clean water was protective, although such volumes may be difficult tosustain in the absence of on-plot access to water.Since pathogens pipd during handrubbing have to be rinsed away, there must be a reasonable flow of water (Standard Operating Procedures, 1997). Mayo Clinic (2009) suggested the use of running water for rinsing hands. Water scarcity has an impact on hygiene practices such as handwashing. It could lead to person-to-person transmission due to inadequate personal and domestic hygiene. Water scarcity can therefore terminus in faecal-oral, skin and eye infections (Cairncross, 2011). Temperature of waterContrary to popular belief, scientific studies by Michaels et al (2002), and Laes tadius and Dimberg (2005), have shown that using nimble water has no effect on reduction the microbial load on hands. Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria. Microorganisms proliferate much fast-breaking at body temperature (37 degrees C). However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing the natural oils which hold soils and bacteria (US Food and Drugs Administration, 2006). All Family Resources (1999) indicated that warm water should always be used for handwashing.ASH (2011), Kartha (2001), Wisegeek. com (2011) and Gavin (2011) also suggested the use of warm water for handwashing. CDC (2010) said that clean running water that was warm or cold could be used. The temperature of water has not been shown to be important in handwashing (Standard Operating Procedures, 1997). Efficacy of cleansing agents in microbial reduction Esrey et al (1991) have suggested that cut down the rate of pathogen ingestion causes the incidence of severe infections to begin to fall before that of mild ones. The reduction in the severity of infection is the ultimate purpose of handwashing.Therefore microbial reduction on hands would reduce the ingestion of pathogens since the hands have been proved to be the main transport route for gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory booklet infections, skin infections (eg. impetigo) as well as eye infections (eg. conjunctivitis). This makes the agent employed in handwashing a necessary factor. Water only Pure water has a pH of seven, which makes it neutral. It is also known as a universal solvent. A number of studies (Cairncross, 1993 Ghosh et al, 1995 Khan, 1982 Oo et al, 2000) suggested that handwashing with water only provides little or no benefit.The application of water alone is inefficient for cleaning skin because water is often unable to remove fats, oils and proteins, which are components of organic soil (Standard Operating Procedure, 1997). Kalanke (Mali) (201 1) noted that handwashing with water alone does not remove many germs. Hoque and Briend (1991), on the contrary, showed that whilst less effective than when using a rubbing agent such as soap, mud or ash, some reductions in contamination were found when washing with water alone.Data on the effectiveness of handwashing with soap-based formulations, compared with water alone, in the removal of bacteria and viruses (Ansari et al, 1989 Mbithi et al, 1993) suggest that, in most (but not all) cases, liquid soap-based formulations were more effective than water only. However, the authors concluded that the differences were not statistically significant. Ash Hoque and Briend (1991) indicated that the use of alternative rubbing agents (mud or ash) provided the same benefits as soap.Again, Hoque et al (1995) also found that the use of ash and soap all achieved the same level of cleanliness. Ash, however, is considered less pleasant on the hands compared with soap or soil (Hoque and Briend, 19 91). Despite the positive lifesaving potential of handwashing with soap (ash), proper handwashing is not being practiced regularly by children in schools and homes (WASH United, 2010). Citrus lime fruit scientifically known as Citrus aurantifolia, there are two natural groups of the citrus lime fruit acid (sour) limes, and acidless (sweet) limes.The West Indian lime, also called Mexican and Key lime is round, small-fruited, moderately seedy and highly polyembryonic it has a thin, smooth rind, greenish flesh and a citric acid content ranging from 7% to 8%. It is usually grown as a seedling, as no satisfactory rootstock is known, but in Ghana it is grown on Rough so-and-so stock (Samson, 1986). Soap A number of studies indicate that washing hands with soap is the critical component of the handwashing behaviour (Cairncross, 1993 Ghosh et al, 1997 Khan, 1982 Oo et al, 2000). Kartha (2001) noted that the most essential thing required to wash hands is soap.Again, studies have shown that hands can carry faeces to surfaces, to foods, and to future hosts, and handwashing with soap is effective in removing pathogens (Han et a. , 1986 Kaltenthaler et al, 1991 Ansari et al, 1991). Improvements in access to safe water and adequate sanitation, along with the promotion of good hygiene practices (particularly handwashing with soap), can help prevent diarrhoea (Black et al, 2003). PPPHW (2011) affirmed that promoted on a wide enough scale, handwashing with soap can be thought of as a do- it-yourself vaccine. Choice of soapDebate has been ongoing about the best type of soap to be used in handwashing. A study by Aiello (2007) indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade antibacterial soaps in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands. Mayo Clinic (2009) admonished people to keep in mind that antibacterial soap is no more effective at killing germs than is regular soap. Using antibacterial soap may even lead to the development of bacteria that are resistant to the products antimicrobial agents making it harder to kill these germs in the future.Commenting on favoured features for soap, women in Ghana cited a range of attributes smell, cost, cereal and durability, and its capacity to be used for multiple purposes. For the women, the most important attribute was the smell of the soap, andthe most popular scents were mild lime and lemon. Concerning cost, cheaper soaps were preferred, although women were sometimes willing to hand more if the soap was larger or they thought it would last longer. Commenting on texture / durability, associated with cost, women preferred harder bar soaps or liquid varieties as they thought they lasted longer.So strong was the preference for hard soaps that many stored soap in cool or sunny or airy places to harden them before use. Some women thought liquid soap more economical since only a peanut size was adequate for each hand wash. Many women preferred laundry bar soap because it could be used as a multipurpose soap such as for laundering, bathing and washing dishes at the same time (PPPHW, 2010). The act of handrubbing It has been suggested by Hoque et al, (1995) that the key component of the handwashing process is the mechanical rubbing of the hands.They noted that the trend towards better results from handwashing with both hands, increased frequency of rubbing and an increased volume of rinsing water all support the prime importance of scrubbing / frictional motion and consequent washing out of loose bacteria with water. Although results of studies carried out suggest that the use of a rubbing agent is important, the authors suggested that the nature of the rubbing agent is a less important factor. Soap, they indicated, was more effective than soil and ash because soap users tend to rub their hands more and use more water to rinse away the soapy feeling on them.CDC (2011) advised people to rub hands together vigorously to make a lather and to continue scrubbing for 20 seconds because it takes that long for the soap and scrubbing action to dislodge and remove stubborn germs. Beneficial effects of handwashing Handwashing has been regarded as a key infection-control practice since Semmelweis suggested its introduction in health care settings (Semmelweis, 1847 in Koo, 2008). The handwashing behaviour has been shown to cut the number of child deaths from diarrhoea (the second leading cause of child deaths) by almost half and from pneumonia (the leading cause of child deaths) by one-quarter (WHO, 2008).The strong causative relationship between hand hygiene and gastro-intestinal disease risk has also been demonstrated by meta-analysis of community based interventions. Curtis and Cairncross (2003) estimated a reduction of 42 47% in diarrhoeal diseases associated with handwashing. Fewtrell et al (2005) showed a 44% reduction in diarrhoeal illness associated with handwashing. In a study, Aiello et al (2008) estimated that handwashing with soap combined with command could produce a 39% reduction in gastrointestinal illness. All the three meta-analyses were carried out using data from studies conducted in both developed and developing countries.In a review of hand hygiene studies involving respiratory tract infections, Rabie and Curtis (2006) reported that hand hygiene (handwashing, education and waterless hand sanitizers) can reduce the risk of respiratory infections by 16%. Aiello et al. (2008) also estimated that the reduction in respiratory illness associated with the pooled effects of hand hygiene (handwashing with soap, use of alcohol handrubs) was 21%. A study conducted by Luby et al (2005) reported the impact of handwashing with soap on pneumonia in children under five, in squatter settlements in Karachi, Pakistan.The results indicated a 50% reduction in pneumonia in the intervention compared with the control group. Luby et al noted that a link between handwashingand the prevention of pneumonia in developing countries is pl ausible on the understructure that, in developing countries it is known that viruses cause pneumonia. Another study found that children under 15 years active in households that received handwashing promotion and soap had half the diarrhoeal rates of children living in control neighbourhoods (Luby et al, 2004).Because handwashing can prevent the transmission of a variety of pathogens, it may be more effective than any single vaccine. Handwashing can also prevent skin infections (eg. impetigo), eye infections (eg. conjunctivitis), intestinal worms, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and Avian Flu. It benefits the health of people living with HIV/AIDS. Handwashing is effective in preventing the spread of disease even in overcrowded, highly contaminated slum environments (PPPHW, 2008).

Imagery Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Essay

Sinners in the hands of an angry divinity fudge as a constant threat to all kind beingsWhen our view turns to north-central America in the first half of the 18th century, the brightest phenomenon is the Calvinistic Great Awakening, which began with the sermon of Theodor Frelinghuysen in the Dutch Reformed communities of New Jersey in 1726. iodine of the superior representatives of that cartridge holder was Jonathan Edwards. Due to Jonathan Edwards sermon Sinners in the hands of angry God he preserve truly be called as one of the greatest theologians and pastors of America, who stood at the origins of the Great Awakening.Jonathan Edwards sermon Sinners in the hands of an angry God is the most famous sermon in the history of America. The sermon was read in Enfield, Connecticut, July 8, 1741, at the peak of the First Great Awakening. This is a typical Puritan awakening sermon, which warns of a court that hangs over unbelieving people. It also tells about the favor of God, who ke eps his enemies from at one time overthrowing Hell. One of the most important moments for Edwards was that every person should feel his sermon, thats why he carefully selected the words to make his listeners take the root exactly as reality. To achieve this goal, he used bright images in his explanations together with the biblical teaching. As a result of this sermon, the listeners experienced a hammy revival. There are m whatever heartful quotations from the sermon, but we want to concentrate your attention on the one, that is being discussed enough. Their foot leave slip in their time when their foot is shaken (Deuteronomy 3235).In this verse there is a threat to God of the wicked, unbelieving Israelites who were the chosen people of God and lived under His mercy but who, despite His tremendous work on them, resembled stiff, reckless people (Deut. 3228). After all that was done for them, they brought a bitter and poisonous fruit, as you see in 32 and 33 verses of the same ch apter. The citation their foot will slip in their time seems to imply something very close to the punishment and death of sinful Israelites, who were left by God to their fate.Another truth that is laid down in this verse says that they are in danger of falling, as well as those who stand or walk on the ice. They do not need any interference their weight will knock them down.The causation why they havent fallen yet is only one the time appointed by God has not come. Therefore, it is said that when it comes their foot will slip. God will no longer support them in a slippery place He will leave them alone. And then they will instantly perish, because they are similar to people on the edge of a slippery sloping plane, which, as soon as they are released, will fall and break.paradigm of hell in the sermon.Jonathan Edwards was a consistent opponent of Arminianism and perceived immunity of the action from the position of compatibilism. He first gave the clearest definition of free wil l, that gracious freedom is not an opportunity to do what a person decides to do, but rather what he wants.He also pays a lot of attention to the explanation and meaning of hell. God keeps all unconverted in His hands over the hellish abyss. Everyone by nature deserves this hell God is angry with sinners, and unless they believe in Christ, they cant feel secure. They have nothing to grasp. Edwards vivid descriptions of hell and eternal torment are examples of the emotional appeal pathos. For example, Edwards states, The devil is waiting for them hell is gawp for them, the flames gather and flash about them, and would fain lay hold on them, and swallow them up. In this example the audience can imagine the horrors of hell, which encourages them to whole step to God for salvation, thus also making use of logos as the audience rationalizes and considers the situation.God has enough strength to drop sinners into hell at any moment. When He rebels, people become helpless and even the strongest of them cant resist Him, and no one can deliver them from His hand. For Him there is no worry in instantly plunging corrupt people into hell, He can do this very, very easily.Sove eclipsety of God, original sin, and salvation in the sermon.Jonathan Edwards describes hell to make the sinners aware(p) of what is waiting for them in the nearest future. Also, he is disturbed by the next questionsThe sovereignty of God. The doctrine of Gods dominion permeates the preaching, writings and the entire theological system of Edward. God predestines and fully controls all things, and He can never be disappointed in His will. The world exists in complete and absolute addiction on God, and Gods sovereign purpose extends to all His actions in creation, providence, and By the historic Reformed tradition, Edwards examines the truths about Gods sovereignty and human responsibility as a paradox that is humanly incomprehensible, but not contradictory.Original sin. Edwards believes that the whole human race sinned through the fall of Adam. All valet inherited sinfulness, guilt and moral corruption because of their relationship to Adam. Falling from the original righteousness caused alienation of humanity from the rest of creation and distorted the image of God in people. Edwards emphasizes that the heart of a sinner has hardened, and his violation of the law enslaves him. Therefore, he manifests an open opposition to God and disrespect for Him. This sober and pessimistic view of human nature contrasted sharply with the optimism that arose in the colonies before the Revolution and continues to this day.Salvation is only in mercy. The view of Edwards on the absolute necessity of Gods grace for salvation follows from his understanding of the sinful and spoiled state of man. In his Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, he argues that human is not an independent ability. Rather, it reacts to its nature, its predominant motives or traits, which, since the fall, are marred by sin for all people. Thus, Edwards concludes that man is helpless to save himself or even cooperate in this process. He is convinced that a sinner by nature never chooses God unless God interferes with His special, effective and irresistible grace.That theme can be important to everyone. Edwards tries to convey that in the souls of sinners reign the infernal principles which, without Gods limitations, could have already inflamed in them, flaring up with infernal fire. Edwards sermon and especially his later writings fall this diagnosis of the fallen human condition. In the Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Edwards tries to show all the horror of the lives of sinners after death. He explains that the only one salvation is a faith in God. Its never too late to change God will always listen to you.

French Imperialism in Vietnam

The average person in France was unaware of conditions in their African colonies. And the same can be said concerning cut rule in Vietnam, where the French were equally oppressive. In the late nineteenth century, the French overthrew a feudal monarchy and fought long, extended military campaigns against resistance to their rule. Many of Vietnams educated elite opposed French rule and would not work for the French, but the French found a few opportunistic Vietnamese who would. In Vietnam, and elsewhere in Indochina, Frenchmen grabbed lands, and they built plantations that produced rubber and other forest products.In the first decade of the twentieth century, Frances colonial administration in Vietnam encouraged French commercial enterprises. They built railroad tracks, roads and hydraulic works to serve these enterprises. Vietnam was a thickly populated, predominately peasant society, but projects that would have served Vietnamese farmers were ignored. Vietnams farmers continued to suffer from the commonplace droughts and floods. Per capita rice expending declined. And what had been Vietnams handicraft industry was destroyed.A new class of Vietnamese had come into being people who gravid for the French as servants, or who labored in French-owned mines, on French-owned plantations, at French construction sites or in French-owned factories. The French paid them as little as they could hardly enough for survival, and sometimes not enough. As in Africa, the French were taxing the Vietnamese and drafting them to labor on public works. On one such project the Hanoi-Yunnan Phu railway 25,000 Vietnamese died. Conditions in Vietnam in general were creating a decline in Vietnams population.The French in Vietnam established a monopoly in the production of salt, alky beverages and opium. They taxed consumption of these. They encouraged Vietnamese to buy their opium, and money gained from their opium trade was an important part of the colonial administrations income . A French company, Fontaine, held a monopoly in making and selling alcoholic beverages in Vietnam, and all other distilling was banned and severely punished with imprisonment and confiscation of property. And in 1902 the colonial administration made buying alcoholic beverages compulsory, eachVietnamese colonisation having to consume a definite quantity in proportion to its population more of the behavior that French commerce and government dare not pull on people in France. In 1908, Vietnamese farmers responded to a rise in taxes by marching to the French administration headquarters. For weeks, thousands of peasants picketed the governors office in chromaticity and made passionate speeches, not only against taxes but forced labor. The protest spread, and the French countered with ferocity. Demonstrators were gunned down.Whole villages were razed to the ground. Thousands were arrested, and two Vietnamese scholars who had spoken against French policies were executed. But in Vietn am and Africa, while French commercial operations were benefiting privately owned French companies, revenues from Frances colonies were not paying the cost of maintenance and administration. Average French taxpayers like British taxpayers were subsidizing their nations colonies. -________________________________________________________________________________________________

Marriage and Counseling Essay

AbstractThe morphological family healer goes ab come on financial aiding the entire family instead of singling out the specific person with the issues. When families accept good kindreds with each other it is mainly when each family ingredient has their condition role and fulfills that role to its entirety. This type of psychotherapy was created by a seeker name Salvador Minuchin, from New York. The master(a) strategy of this therapy is to bring forth a bond between the family members that be having problems at heart their family. The therapists aspiration in this surmisal is to develop a bond with every member of the family so he or she put forward figure what the problem is and how to solve it. The geomorphological family hypothesis also brings in a biblical perspective to psychology. This therapy will help shed a freshly light on how theology plan families to be and what roles he wanted each of them to feed.Introduction eventidery person in the world has a fa mily. Some people may be closer to theirs than others but that does non negate the fact that they have a family. With that being said, each family has a distinct way of functioning. The majority of families raise children and they grow up to be fair adult citizens. Although the majority of families raise their children with no problems, there atomic number 18 still those that have their sh are of misconceptions. Thestructural theory specializes in individuality. It examines each person of the family with their own characteristics and aspirations, while being asunder of their entire family. The basic concept to structural therapy looks at rules of a family, roles of each individual, wholeness and organization. ( Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). A therapist analyzing this data thinks that a person can either function or not function. Functional families piss changes and shifts as the members of the unit develop and go through different developmental stages (Becerra., Michale., 2 012). A dysfunctional family is not open to change and seeks to keep the members of the unit stuck in the way things always have been and does not further growth within the individuals members of the family. (Becerra., Michale., 2012).AssumptionsThe relationship individuals have with their families is a source of mental stability for each individual. (Becerra., Michale., 2012). This theory thinks that when families talk to each other through speaking and non-verbal communication it is passed down through the generations of their family. Aside from those dysfunctions, structural therapists looks at the way families form family triangles, coalition, and family belief systems ( Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013). Structural theory believes that every member of the family have a different role to play as it related to the workings of their family. Healthy families are not families that have no conflict, rather healthy families are able to see the conflict and travelling bag it in an app ropriate manner (Harway., Kadin., Gottlieb., Nutt., & Celano,. 2012). Everyones family has their own element of growth and sometimes this causes problems within the family. While liberation through these growing pains it causes the family members to not be able to adapt to things without their dysfunctional family.Development of The schemeResearch was conducted and clinical data was collected on different family systems to understand the patterns of psychosomatic families. Research was conducted at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Center, where Salvador Minuchinwas the director of the center (Goldenberg, & Goldenberg, 2013).A vast majority of these families came from normal homes with each of them having problems within their family. A psychosomatic family is when the child or children in the family develop severe psychosomatic problems as a answer of their families dysfunction (Becerra., & Michale., 2012). While working with families that showed signs of a psychosomatic child, th e goal was to change the structure of the relationship and develop boundaries, and to deal with underline conflict within the family system (Goldenberg, & Goldenberg, 2013). Salvador Minuchin and his regime of researchers worked diligently while studying this theory and this is now one of the most influential theories of conducting solutions to family conflicts.Counseling TechniqueThe main priority of the therapist is to watch over the solution to the families and help them discover what the roles should be in each family. Structural family therapists address current problems within the family instead of past events (Harway., Kadin., Gottlieb., Nutt., & Celano., 2012). One of the main jobs of the therapist is to find new ways to hinder the preface problems the family has and make sure that the problems do not reoccur. The families that do have a hard time lick their troubles need to have a major change in their roles as a family. There are many techniques that counselors employ w hile working to bring health to the family system. The main techniques are joining, boundary making, enactment, differenceructuring, and reframing (Hammond., & Nichols. 2008). termination in this therapy basically states that there needs to be separation in the family but at the similar time it needs to be known that each member of the family knows they have special meaning and are precautiond for by everyone else in the family. Counselors look to change the hierarchical relationship between the husband/father and the rest of the family (Goldenberg, & Goldenberg, 2013). When referring to enactment, this is stating that a counselor cannot retort one persons side of the family favorably over the others. Counselors that take the side of one member over the other members will interfere with the creation of healthy family functioning (Goldenberg, Goldenberg, 2013). When the therapist sees that there are problems happening within the family he will exemplify positive patterns which ca n help the family outside of the talk over aspect. This is one factor that will help the families problems not be unwavering on from generation to generation. When the therapist reframes with the family it means that they are coming up with new ways of think the problem. The old ways did not work or the therapist just wants to give them a new perspective of the problem, hoping that the new way would be successful.Christian ViewA Christian view refers to having a biblical foundation in your life and how they feel the presence of the Bible through their every mean solar day life and culture. Christians believe that every word in the bible is inspired by God. 2 herds grass 316-17 states that everything in the Bible is inspired by God, and profitable for doctrine, reproof, correction, and instructions (Crabb., 1977).A Christian views coupling and family as one of the greatest things ever created by God. All Christians know that we were all created in Gods fancy as a reflection of Gods glory. Everyones family is entrap up in a different and unique way. God created the family concept for the husband and father to be the leader of his wife and his children. God created Eve for Adam with the assumption that they would meet each others needs and have children together. Ephesians 525 says that Adams main clinical should be to love his wife the was Christ loves the church. This is how all men should treat their wives and if not, it can lead to effective dysfunctional relationships and families. The wives number one priority should be to submit to her husband and to care for the children. The children should respect and look their parents as long as the parents are still in a steady walk with the Nazarene Christ (Ephesians 61). Many families stray away from these simple concepts and it also leads to having a broken family. If families endure true to their Christian view of life and their culture within their family they can live happily and not be hindered by outside influences, also known as the Devil.My personal family theory is the same as structural family therapy. When the therapist focuses on each individual of the family it creates a better way to deal with the problems that Christian and non-Christian families have. Structural family model looks at creating balance within the concepts of family dynamic. Structural therapist looks at defining family rules, roles, coalition, subsystems, boundaries, and wholeness (Goldenberg, & Goldenberg, 2013). Dr. Crabb stated He looked at the life of Paul and stated that as believes we should do everything to please God and not man (Crabb, 1977). When Christians are involved in rede they should make sure that all of the counseling sessions not only help their family but also reflects God in every single aspect. canvass/ContrastStructural Family Therapy has a lot of similarities as family directed therapy. Family-directed therapy is a younger model of structural therapy, but with different asp ects to the theory that structural family therapy doesnt look at (McLendon., McLendon., & Petr., 2005). Both of these types of therapies determine that the parents should care for the children, not the other way around. They also both show the families the positives in their system, the negatives, and what needs to be changed end-to-end their maturing process as a family. Family-directed therapy is more time limited and while working on goals that were set by members of the family (McLendon., McLendon., & Petr., 2005). In the structural therapy the family members do not set the goals for the members. The therapist sets them because he knows exactly where the weaknesses and the salutary points of the family are.ConclusionStructural Therapy is a counseling model created by Salvador Minuchin and his crew of researchers. Much of the early research for the theory was done at an inner city to understand the how families functioned when high levels of poverty and single-mother lead homes where of age(p) child were more like a second parents in the family (Harway., Kadin., Gottlieb., Nutt., & Celano., 2012). The purpose for this theory is to aid families with providing them counseling and making their family functional in all ways. These counselorsfind ways to imbed roles within the family system and to establish boundaries between the family members. The goal of the therapist with a Christian view is to strengthen the marriage, parent/child relationship and to help each family understand their role in their family. Christian counselors rely on God to help guide them into bringing change within the family unit.

Economic Factors in the Decline of the Byzantine Empire

Economic Factors in the Decline of the involved Empire In this article taken from The Journal of Economic muniment, Peter Charanis discusses the factors that economically affected the lower of the problematic Empire. His backchat is based on the fact that past scholars, such as English historian Edward gibbon who wrote The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, thought the Byzantine Empire was in a constant ground of decline through step up its existence, but he disagrees. He says that more(prenominal) recent scholars have found that it was, in fact, mavin of the not bad(p) empires in history.He references to historians such as Fridtjof Nansen, author of LArmenie et le proche Orient, who said that the Byzantine culture is and will remain genius of the to the highest degree remarkable works of architecture, and if the Byzantine culture had created secret code but that, it would be sufficient to classify it among the greatest. Charanis is convinced that most s cholars today reject Gibbons theory, and this article discusses why he believes so. Because the Byzantine Empire endured for over a thousand years and was the burden of civilization until the middle of the eleventh ampere-second, it could not be looked at as a constantly declining empire.According to Charanis, it continue antiquity, developed new forms of art, and held back barbarians. Byzantium produced great soldiers, statesmen, diplomats, reformers, and scholars. It was also successful at spreading the gospel among irreligious tribes. Charanis quotes Czech historian F. Dvornik who wrote Les Slaves byzance et Rome au IX saying Byzantium molded the undisciplined tribes and made nations out of them it gave to them its religion and institutions, taught their princes how to govern, transmitted to them he actually principles of civilation writing and literature. Byzantium was a great power and a great civilizing force, Charanis said. He believed that war and religion were the two principal factors that molded the society of the empire and determined its international position. Because war was a normal state during Byzantiums thousand year existence, war was not a reason to believe that it was constantly declining. For example, in the seventh century, the Sarcens, Slavs, and Bulgars reduced the empire greatly, but the seventh century emperors reorganized the administration of the empire to cope with the situation at hand.In the eleventh century however, the empire was not as fortunate to recover from genuine forces reverses that occurred. There were disastrous defeats that they never fully find from, and this is what finally led to the beginning of their decline. One very important factor, according to Charinis sources such as Russian historians books and works, were the conditions the Manzikerts left the empire in. It had such a huge impact on the social and economic behavior of the empire, and this was the basis of its virtual disappearance.Byzantium relied so fully on the social and economic aspect of their culture, that an attack to this was fatal. The Manzikert forces aristocracy was far from what the Byzantines were accustomed to, and ca utilize the soldiery-peasantry to decline which was a large part of their state. Up until this point, emperors were able to remould the empire and reorganize things so that Byzantium could thrive, but after their large estate, which had been a huge troupe of their society, was attacked, it was almost impossible.Charanis believes that the aristocracy that was put in place in the eleventh century was also other large factor of decline. Instead of being a social and economic based empire, it was a military aristocracy. The soldiers were the holders of the military estates, and the aristocracy absorbed the estates of the peasants. The focus of the emperors was the happiness of the soldiers and not of the peasants, or all the other mess in the empire, and this was also a large source of decl ine in Byzantium.Once the emperors of the eleventh century established that this system was not working quite as well, they tried to create an anti-military policy, which consummated a first gear in soldiers. This entire struggle that occurred after the seventh century caused the empire to participate in a series of civil wars affected its sources and manpower, according the Charanis. Other serious factors that caused the decline were the weakening of the central administration, the bereavement to enforce measures of protection for the soldiery-peasantry, and the grants of privileges made to the aristocracy.It has been said that another reason for their decline was the strict controls they placed on commerce and industry, but Charanis disagrees and says it is extremely doubtful that this was their weakness. He backs up this argument by saying that when those controls were most strictly enforced, was when their empire was at its greatest. He goes on to say that the period of the g reatest decline is pronounced by the breakdown of these controls.Tenth century Byzantine emperor Romanus Lecapenus wrote in one of his novels that the extension of power to the grueling and the depression of power to the many would bring about the irreparable loss of the public good. Charanis agrees with him saying that His foresight had come true. The disappearance of the free peasantry, the increase in the wealth, privileges, and power of the aristocracy, and the consequent depression of the agrarian people constitute, I think, some of the principal factors in the decline of the Byzantine Empire. Charanis evidence is intelligibly all on that point and cited, but it is somewhat difficult to understand his references. Theyre numbered at the bottom and his numbers are meant to unless explain certain points throughout the article. Another problem I have with his evidence is that they are broadly books written by foreign authors, and I cant read the titles. I believe that Chara nis has clearly proven his point and thoroughly discussed his thesis however, his argument was not extremely bold, because he is arguing one historians theory (Edward Gibbon), and agreeing with every other historian who believes the Byzantine Empire was great.His argument was more fact-based, and proven through certain points of notoriety throughout the existence of the empire, and his presentation of these points seemed unorganized. In fact I found the organization of this article to be somewhat confusing. He seemed to jump around from century to century and fact to fact. I believe it would have been much more efficiently written if he had discussed the certain centuries of the empire in chronological order. This also would have more effectively shown the factors that led up to the decline of the Byzantine Empire.Instead he jumped around discussing things that related to the factors, but not thoroughly discussing what order the things happened and why one led to the next. Charanis did not raise new questions in his argument. He simply argued Gibbons theory, and used other historians to back his argument up. In fact, most of the historians that Charanis used as references were quite old, for example, Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian author from 1928. No recent authors or suggestions were raised from Charanis article.I think that overall this article offered some very thorough and credible information about the decline of the Byzantine Empire, but since his original argument was that Gibbon was wrong, he should have used more examples of historians that support Gibbons theory and argued their points as well. Though he had many historians to back up his argument, his thesis mentioned Gibbon. He definitely proved his point and listed many factors that caused the decline of the Byzantine Empire, but I would have liked to see less confusing organization and newer information that supported his argument.

Culture & country Essay

There is no country immediately whose enculturation and values be so isolated from the mainstream of the world. The preservation of their thoughts and peculiarities as people has been, not just a social phenomenon, but a proof that no culture is so exact or ameliorate to whatsoever community on earth. Each is tailored-fit to that specific tribe, community, or people. The Philippines was colonized by the United States for more or less half a century. Many Filipinos today, act, think, and work like any American their age. only when consider the fashion and music people from these two nations enjoy. A closer look will rat that Filipinos prefer the same type of music and clothing just as the same as any American. However, while cultural subjugation may be present, since US has largely dominated the thoughts of Filipinos, striking differences cannot be denied. On Family matters, Filipinos usu whollyy ask the permission of their parents before engaging in marriage.The grooms family pays call down to the brides home to discuss matters regarding the wedding. Most of the time, the parents have their last say on almost all conceivable aspects of marriage. It is a truism, that Filipinos hold the idea that marriage is not just union of individuals but of families, as well. On the contrary, weddings, American style are commonly planned by the couples themselves and the parents have little or no influence at all in the preparation and ceremony itself.Furthermore, many of Filipino women today are still dependent to their spouses. Largely, their women are more patriarchal in orientation in terms of family life than their American counterparts. On the other hand, American women are more independent and self-actualized individuals, while Filipinos are very family-dependent people. As proof, they would usually live in ace house or in one neighborhood together with the clan, very different from American families who usually live far from each other.This reveals the close -family ties of the Filipinos, compared to the independent-minded thoughts of the Americans. turn this issue is so simple, the effect is profound and cannot be diminished. The family is a microcosm of the spotless society and the mirror of the entire nation. It is where all social contexts are indexed and all values are reflected. Source Shead, M. T. ed. (2006). Family Structure. retrived May 9, 2006, from Living in the Philippines. Websitehttp//www. livinginthephilippines. com/philculture/family. html

A study on Key Leadership Qualities of a Project Manager

Origin of the Report This report idea was initiated by the honorable course instructor of final cause Management as a sectionalization of course completion of MBA class at the Institute of Business Administration, Gangrening University. special guidelines were provided by the instructor to conduct the study for academic purpose. 1. Objectives of the Report The primary objective of the study was to foregather the requirement of the course module as per the guideline by the instructor that leads to attaining the following specific objectives. describe and prize the pouch performance in impairment of metre, damage and performance. Identify divergent underlying verbalisms of the take away to double-deckers characteristics that influence the plan success. 1. 3 Methodology This report has been developed in context of exploratory research.To shit this report, both qualitative and quantitative methods claim been used. own(prenominal) interview with the project jitney wi th the help of a semi structured questionnaire was key instrument. Therefore the sample size was comprised of unrivaled single respective(prenominal), the project manager. Personal observation has been one of the key methods that applied o analyze the info accumulated. 1. 4 Source of entropy Both primary and abetary data put up been used for analysis in this report. The data sources be described as follows. 1. 4. Primary Data Semi structured questionnaire interview with the project manager was conducted where different aspects of the project were mentioned and asked nigh to evaluate the specific aspects of project accomplishment in foothold of meeting the timbre standards required. Moreover a structured questionnaires ground on five point scale was used to evaluate the project managers leadership constituent in accomplishing the project successfully. 1. . 2 Secondary Data The sanctionary data was collected from the website of related entities.Some previous publications and Journals in the related field shake off been used as a guideline to develop the context. 1. 5 Scope of the Report This report was an outcome of extensive group become that provide provide guidelines for future related works. As the work was laughable in nature and the aspect is specific, it is expected to provide a guideline for the evaluation of performance of a project and the project manager in future. 1. 6 Limitations Different limitations were tackled during the report preparation and the collection of ATA.Some of them include, Limited time to prepargon the unhurt report Facing difficulties to manage the appointment with the project manager As the project was accomplished preferably team members were spitted and non available together Getting the financial was an other(a) challenge as per the restrictions by the policy of the p bent organization Chapter 2 The shed Details 2. 1 The hold in Detail 2. 1. 1 Construction of the MACH Building Dacha Shania Mission as par t of the total project took the initiative in 2001 to disclose a Cancer detection & Treatment Center at Murmur, Dacha.In course of its progress it is owe a 42 bed Cancer hospital with required surgical procedure facilities, Chemotherapy, X-Ray and Imaging facilities. A team of experienced and dedicated dirty dogcer specialists and general physicians be working in that respect to provide health swear out at a reasonably low cost. Here free services argon offered to poor and immoderate poor patients. In the year 2008 the hospital continues to provide health care services, specially to cancer patients, with around additional facilities. Ultimately the dream materialized into reality and a formulate was made to construct a calciferol bed Cancer infirmary at a lurch cost of 2. 56 billion fix (SIS$ 36. 7 million). The thirteen story hospital de indicationed by a US based architectural firm Design whollyiance f Balti much than, got started its construction with foundation laid by the then ground Minister of Bangladesh, Begum Chalked Aziza, on 10th July 2004 on a 3 acre land at the bank of the river instill in Attar Model Town in the Capital. The location is closely 5 Km from Aziza internationalistic Airport and the construction in full gear started on 16th July 2005. This 450,000 square feet 13 storeyed hospital is expected to open in late 2009 with about 200 inpatient beds, Outpatient department with about 40 Examination/consultation Rooms, Medical Imaging,Pathology, Surgical Suite, Radiotherapy Department, non-international Cardiac and Neuron Diagnostics, Day vexation and the requisite support services. By 2010 all 500 beds are expected to be operational. At that time, based on beneficial utilization, Shania Mission Cancer & General Hospital is inter hand to provide over 160,000 eld of inpatients care and cater to over 180,000 outpatients annually saving approximately SIS$ 13 million annually. 30% services of the hospital will be available f ree for the poor patients. DAM is raising coin from general public as well as from the corporate sector.There are special provisions for strength donors to sponsor sundry components of the hospital. One can donate to bedevil in his/her own name or dear ones name to name a bed/beds, a ward/wards, a cabin/cabins, operation theatres. There are specified rates for each type of dedicated areas of inscription which will be inscribed distinctly as per wish of the donor. Keeping in line with Dacha Shania Missions dedication to Divine and add-on services Shania Mission Cancer and General Hospital will be a big recoil advancing to provide service to humanity by redressing the suffering of the ailing patients, especially cancer patients.International Hospital Group (GIG), a I-J based consulting firm with vast experience in medical equipment consultancy has been entrusted with the Job to offer the equipment schedule IEEE equipments and furniture plan floor and room wise of AMIGA to cater to the need and suitability of the patients and users. Considering the Brobdingnagian cost of modern quality treatment for cancer and our commitment to provide with poor and needy patients 30% treatment facilities free of cost, deep thought has been given to make Shania Mission Cancer and General Hospital a viable and cost- effective project with the motto of No-profit-No-Loss.Due consideration has in any case been given to the point that about cancer patients will come with other diseases which will need to be treated at the akin hospital for practical reason. Also considering the reality to keep specialist doctors including ambitious and career conscious modern doctors there is possibly no other alternative other than opting for build a Medical College in future. In consideration of this vital factors, provision for general treatment facilities require been kept at AMIGA. Moreover, there is a plan to establish a Nursing Institute in future. Building on the ideas of the fou nder SuffixSaint Hazard Khan Buddha Channels (Ramshackle Awhile), Dacha Shania Mission embarked on establishing a modern cancer hospital where first treatment will be available. Shania Mission Cancer and General Hospital is one of major projects to press out cancer in Bangladesh. So far, super-structures of thirteen storey plus two basements of this fifteen-storey hospital twist sustain been completed. The construction of Radiotherapy Vault and other essential works are now going on for inaugurating the first phase of the hospital with 160 beds by the abrogate of 2013.However, the POD, shaft of light Therapy Unit, Day Care nub and Diagnostic Facilities have been scheduled to start functioning at the destruction of 2012. Location P sens3, heavens 10, Embankment Driveway Attar Model Town, Dacha-1230, Bangladesh. Land Area 3 Acres Project terms US$. 47. 29. O Gob. Approval Obtained Architect Design Alliance, 1921 York Road, Baltimore, MD 21093 regular army Emailemailprotect ed Com Cons. Period 2005- 201 5 Started July, 2005 evaluate Completion Phase I with 175 beds by end 2013 and complete with 500 beds in 2015.The POD, Radiation Therapy Unit, Day Care Centre and Diagnostic Facilities have been scheduled to start functioning at the end of 2012. A modern cancer care hospital building is under construction at present. The building has been designed by Architect Mr. Tare Lam, a professional hospital architect registered in the USA . 2. 2 Overview of the Construction Company The project was accomplished by Associated Builders association (BBC) Limited, a private special company established in 1972, which designs and constructs industrial projects, bridges, Jetties, harbor, roads and buildings of all types.The company has gained considerable reputation in tackling Civil Engineering Projects which require peccadillo experience and up-to-date skillful inhabitledge in the various(prenominal) field since its incorporation. 2. 2 The Project Budget and Actu al Cost Chapter 3 paygrade of the Overall Project Performance 3. 1 Analysis of Background and Scheduling Ultimately the dream materialized into reality and a plan was made to construct a 500 bed Cancer Hospital at a staggering cost of 2. 56 billion take (SIS$ 36. 97 million). The thirteen story hospital designed by a US based architectural firm Design Alliance f Baltimore.The location is about 5 Km from Aziza International Airport and he construction in full gear started on 16th July 2005. This 450,000 square feet 13 storied hospital To construct such a large project Shania Mission needed an expert constructor who has experience in such large public project. In 2009 Shania Mission asked for open tender for the project where nearly of the countrys largest Civil Constructors Joined. By evaluating the proposal the project goes to Associated Builders Corporation Ltd (BBC) for the Civil Contract. The Contract was awarded in two phase. First, one was the construction of basement and fir st 4 stories.And the est. of the 13 stories of the building were constructed in the second phase. The electrical and wiring was also included in the project. 3. 2 Evaluation the Project in terms of Cost This section should provide a comparison of the actual be of the external consultancy with the agreed stuff value. Where there is a variation (upwards or effective dealwards) between agreed specialize value and actual costs DIP must be informed. In cases where the actual cost exceeds the cost approved by DIP an explanation must also be provided. Initial Approval Cost BIT. 650000000 Contract present Cost BIT. 800000000 Actual Cost BIT. 00000000 Percentage Variation between Contract Award Cost & Actual Cost 38% Explanation of variation in costs The reason cigarette the over caterpillar tread the initial planned cost was due to change of the price of material most notably Steel, Rod, Cement and other raw material for the construction project. The reason behind increased steel p rice was due to global over demand of steel because of Beijing Olympic. The cost over running created a hamper in project progress. The cost proposal had to be overwritten and renegotiated. This also created budget famine for Shania Mission as well profit minimization of BBCCorporation Limited. 3. 3 Evaluation the Project in terms of Performance 3. 3. 1 Assessment of Deliverables This section should provide detail on what was delivered by the consultants. The extent to which projected deliverables, as outlined in the Terms of Reference, were met by the consultants, and the quality should be assessed. On behalf of Shania Mission a project in-charge was appointed whose Job was to monitor and supervise the construction project as a boilers suit basis. His Job actually was limited to Consultancy and supervision On behalf of BBC a project Engineer is appointed.He has the executive duties of boilersuit project. Apart from technical aspects, he had to oversee costing human resource charg e inside the project. The judicial decision of project used to take place week wise. Upon the approval of Shania Mission engineer Bill is salaried monthly basis. 3. 3. 2 Assessment of Benefits The original date of finish the project was revised several time mainly because of the funding issues on behalf of Shania Mission. Reasons of delays usually occurred due to payment issues. Apart from that several(prenominal) tactical delays at engineering works were not uncommon.Both cases the trustworthy party has to adjust the agitation The purpose originally think the consultancy assignment were to do the Job efficiently and effectively. Because of the BBC Construction Limiters effective role the contract was extended for second phase. Chapter 4 Analysis of the Project carriages Leadership Role 4. 1 The Role of Project double-decker in Contemporary Organizations In brief we need to understood project monitoring role of the PM. Actually, the role & responsibilities of a Project Mana ger is little complex and needs to be explained elaborately in clear terms for each project.Let us list down few important roles & responsibilities of a Project Manager. * The Project Manager is the someone responsible for managing the project. *The Project Manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives within the constraints of the project. He is responsible for the outcome (success or failure) of the project. *The Project Manager is involved with the planning, controlling and monitoring, and also managing and directing the assigned project resources to best meet project objectives. The Project Manager controls and monitors triple scope, time and cost(quality also)-?in managing competing project requirements. The Project Manager examines the organizational culture and determines whether project management is recognized as a valid role with accountability and authority for managing the project. *The Project Manager collects metrics data(such as baseline, actual values for costs, schedule, work in progress, and work completed) & reports on project progress and other project specific learning to stakeholders. *The Project Manager is responsible for identifying, monitoring, and responding to attempt. The Project Manager is responsible to the project stakeholders for delivering a projects objectives within scope, schedule, cost, and quality. *The reporting structure of a Project Manager depends on organizational structure. He may reports to a Functional Manager or to a Program Manager. In a bit exaggerating terms, Project Manager is the God of his project and he is the one who decides the success of the project. 4. 2 Criteria of a Successful Project Manager 4. 2. 1 Leadership Leadership is determine separately from management, as leadership is more of a personality trait whereas management is a erudite skill.I recognize this is not a common view as many people and companies espouse courses in teaching adhering. Here, I am identifyi ng people who can motivate others as projects are long endeavors, which invariably have points where the success of the project falls to the project manager who can keep the team do and get them past the sticky problems observed on nearly every project. MS also have to instill confidence in both their teams and the manager(s) to whom they report. As stated before, projects are long and difficult endeavors, which have plenty of challenges.When these challenges arise, MS who are able to maintain the confidence of all interested parties have more success. When the confidence in the PM is shaken, executives tend to provide additional assistance to the teams that is a sure sign of lost confidence and adds additional effort to the project. The group of engineers will operate independently producing a garbled solution. the great unwashed in general bring a set of implicit assumptions. These assumptions are not typically in the forefront of their minds but exist due to their life experie nces both personally and professionally.These assumptions then draw a bead on the set of solutions they are able to envision. When a PM is able to identify these implicit assumptions, validate their relevance to the unique project, then challenge them if need be, better solutions to problems are identified. These better solutions may be speedy and less risky to implement, require fewer resources or less highly skilled resources, or have a better impact on the business. Leading refers to carrying out the project plan in set to achieve the project objectives. Leading the project is one of the more challenging aspects for new project managers because it involves a lot of soft skills. Skills such as communicating clearly, team motivation, and conflict resolution. Some key duties for consume projects include, Setting team direction Coordinating activities across different organizational functions Motivating team members appointment work personality trait whereas management is a lear ned skill. I recognize this is not a the business. 4. 2. 2 Management Skills On all projects, there is a finite amount of administration that occurs and this to me is the management of the project. The management component of project or program management requires multiple skills as well as traits.The traits include the ability to organize. Projects inherently have lots of moving parts from end users and pompons with thoughts, to technicians who have mercenary message applications to configure or code to write, to turn up teams and configuration managers who have plans and backbend support systems to bring on line. All of these different groups must be brought together and coordinated so the project can move forward-moving and eventually complete. The ability to organize the multiple teams is a personality trait inherent is successful program and project managers.We also have to organize at a deeper level when dealing with the technology. The task of building a Work Breakdown St ructure WEBS) is a feat in organization when done well. non only do business and technical executives have to visualize both the strategy and tasking but also the technicians who will perform the work. Laying out a structure that is understood by both disparate sets of people is difficult at best. Now include the capability to track progress in a meaningful way for both groups and the need for deep organizing trait is paramount.Closely related is the ability to plan, to foresee how a project will come together. Planning also includes what deliverables are needed, how and when to evolve test plans, how many test plans are needed, what metrics are needed, and which resources execute which tasks in conjunction with each other. All of these are unique to each situation as the Statement of Work (SOW) or Project Charter is unique as well as the scope undertaken and the resources assigned to the project. The ability to manage both your own time and the time of those working for you is cr itical.Projects have so many distractions making it very easy to head down a rabbit hole that derails the project. These typically happen during the development phases but can also occur at any phase. Contrary to popular belief, the highest risk time off project is the beginning and not the end. many an(prenominal) measure I use an analogy of catching a wave for a surfer. This is analogous to scenery the scope and planning phases off project. Once you catch the wave, the time to the beach is out of your hands as the wave is going at its own speed.You can make some moves that will have some impact on the timing but the base timing is already defined. Successful project managers take their time in planning and resist the temptation to get starting developing because time is short. individually project has numerous options on how to approach the work. It is this approach which is analogous to catching the right wave, that has the most hammy impact on project timing and success. Se tting the priorities for individuals and managing to those priorities becomes a main activity during the majority of the project. This requires the PM to do multiple tasks at the same time.The moment the first task is delegated, the PM is multi-tasking. If an individual tries to handle all tasks themselves, a project of any size is at risk. On a typical commercial software implementation, I will have the following threads open ) software configuration, 2) interface development, 3) modulation or data migration development, 4) custom software development, 5) communication with sponsors, 6) communications with consulting company management and sales, 7) project bring in and monitoring, and 8) potentially open core product issues or enhancement.The ability to manage your time, multi-task, and manage the teams time is a critical skill. All projects include the use of teams. These teams include resources for which the PM has direct responsibility and other resources for which the PM do es not have responsibility. All of these teams must come together and work toward the common goal of completing the project. The team will consist of not only these individuals but also the managers of the matrixes resources as they potentially have competing goals. The ability to create and motivate teams becomes a determining factor in the success of Ms. . 2. 3 intercourse Skills The ability to communicate in both written and verbal form both up and down the management chain is a widely known required skill. In the previous paragraphs and going forward the implication of communication skills Jumps off the page. Let me delve into a couple of areas that are not as widely held. The first is with whom MS communicate. I have mentioned the need to discuss topics with business and technical leaders as well as the technicians but what is also needed is the ability to define or illuminate technical or business problems to the opposite group.Many times on a project I will come across a pa rticularly difficult technical issue that either impacts the dates or is a risk to those dates. Naturally, both the technical and business leaders want to understand the problem. Given it is a technical issue in his case, discussing technical issues with technical people is easier than helping a business leader understand why the web application crashes because of Java Virtual Machine OVUM) Heap is exhausted and why this is a problem given the SCOFF Just spend dollars increasing the memory on the application server.These are important topics for them to understand as well as the opposite. Helping the technicians understand why a bang-up technical solution has dire consequences for the business side of the house. MS are also knowledge conduits. They should reassure that information from one team gets to all the other teams that need it. As project schedules get choky and the tension begins to increase, many people naturally focus on their tasks at hand to become more efficient and get their work done. A great thing for that individual task but what happens when the other teams need information from this one group and cannot get it.The other tasks naturally fall behind so the project falls behind. The PM that stays in touch with what all groups are going and moves the information between groups can more effectively keep all tasks moving and avoids disconnects when the right hand is not talking to the left hand. 4. 2. Foresight and Vision Some people have the innate ability to see the future. I am not talking about crystal balls or palm readers but a moxie for the direction the project is headed and the ability to see risks and envision how all the elements of a project will come together in the end.I alluded to this concept in the planning section and it applies here as well. In conjunction with planning is the skill of defining goals for individuals that are in sync with the plan. In my post, Staying on docket, I spoke about intermediate milestones and min t-crisis as a mechanism for maintaining a schedule. The ability to foresee, define, and chat these goals goes a long way toward staying on schedule and being successful. Risk management is a key aspect of successful projects and is in many instances not well received as an integral part off project.In many organizations and as an attempt to manage time, organizations only deal with issues and not risks. Many times, I have highlighted risks to be told we will deal with it when it becomes a problem. The personality trait to envision a risk and the capability to address the risk are key elements to success. 4. 2. 5 Pragmatic As MS we are constantly in the situation of making choices. Usually all day is spent making administer off choices between competing forces. There are times when we have to make a choice a deliverable is good enough, not perfect but good enough as it meets the business objectives.The flower example comes when dealing with the speed at which application pages are rendered. I routinely hear from end users and sponsors that I want the page to be as fast as possible. From a conceptual standpoint, this makes sense as speed of page rendering translates into efficiency of workers and eventually money. Fast as possible does not mean get 6 Cray super computers for my solution or that I want sub second response time on a page that is making two web service calls and return a three table Join query.Clearly, neither is going to happen. What was meant was to increase the speed until it reaches a good balance between cost, time and speed. This is not a straightforward decision. The technician would ask for the performance requirements so they know the solution to build the businessperson wants a reasonable cost so the PM is in the plant to determine what is good enough. The balance point falls to the PM and ragtime is key. Conflict is also a common occurrence on projects.It can be between two technicians, the test team, developers, the business people , and so forth The ability to work through issues and even decide on what issues to engage is something critical to success. People can be passionate about what they believe in so getting past these points of contention whether it be negotiating a resolution, facilitating the discussion or deciding which battles to fight becomes important to success. 4. 2. 6 Can do mental attitude In our world, there are people whose glass is half full and those whose glass is half empty.The post on adversity, challenges, and dealing with people GAO long way toward success in a work surroundings that typically includes strict deadlines, changing requirements, heavy budget pressure and big business impacts when the project does not go well. A can do and positive attitude is a personality trait that serves MS well dealing with adversity, the high-pressure situations, team building, and leadership. Finding this personality trait in a person serves them well in the profession of Program and Project M anagement.In addition to the above list of skills ND traits, I would add a personality trait of cool and thoughtful under pressure. Projects are intense, long, and difficult activities that have periods of time when the PM is under significant pressure due to impending deadlines, difficult issues, etc. People are also very passionate and so the PM is typically under a lot of pressure and must be able to think on their feet and remain thoughtful during the intense times. It is these times when PM can easily lose the confidence of management or their teams, lose control of scope, or any number of other occurrences that negatively impact the project. . 2. 7 Disqualifications There are three inputs above that would not agree with 1. Being completely obsessed with the Client. Client focus to a degree is a very good thing. In situations where the project manager is also managing a team and a contract then a proper balance between these many times competing agendas enables the project man ager to not only meet the client goals but also individual and company goals. In these situations, the project manager has multiple people and organizations to which they report and must meet he goals of each individual and organization simultaneously to be successful. . Being an extrovert Due to the need for extensive interaction with people, extroverts typically have these skills inherently. Individuals who tramp the introvert/extrovert category can also be successful as they can communicate and operate in the people centric situations. Strict introverts who prefer to work alone and on individual tasks will struggle in the PM role. 3. Displaying personal courage (lead from the front) In my previous post, we discuss the comparative timing of leading from the front and jack.Different situations dictate assuming each style so both are needed and not just leading from the front. The personality traits and skills needed for project managers to be successful are varied. When interview ing PM candidates and identifying internal candidates for a PM role, these people centric traits and skills seems far more influential factors in the success of PM. What may be interesting to many people is the lack of technical expertise as a main contributor to success. Certainly, technical and business expertise is needed for a project to be successful