Current Trends in the War on Terror Essay

As the world is cowering in terror from the 9/11 attacks and the bombing incidents in Indonesia and other parts of the world, the world’s attention is shifted now to where the attacks may occur next and what can be done to address the situation. Some suggest that the answer lies in being able to suppress and perhaps eliminate all of the terrorist cells all over the world. The problem there, however, is that any attack that is targeted at eliminating terrorist cells would necessarily involve any host country where they may be located and in any Middle Eastern country, such an attack could prove disastrous (Campbell & Flourney 372). The more practical and ideal solution to this problem therefore lies at a more fundamental level; a more basic level wherein the country has more controls and no international liability (Kochler 37). The solution to this problem is by improving border security in order to prevent the occurrence of these terrorist attacks while the international community seeks for answers to address this problem at a global scale. At this point in time, domestic policies would be the best option in fighting the war against terror. This short discourse will therefore seek to shed light on the issue of terrorism and the crucial role that the border security plays in such. To gain a better understanding of the problem, it is important to first analyze the current trends that have been taken relative to border security to ensure the safety of the public from terrorist attacks. This will then be supplemented by an explanation on how border security can take an even larger role. The most crucial aspect in relation to border security and its role in the war against terror concerns the aviation industry. Since the 9/11 attacks, the public confidence with regard to air travel has greatly been shaken (Taylor 2). The attacks had the effect of sending a message that now, even airplanes could be used as missiles to target buildings regardless of whether there were people on board the aircraft of not. Every plane crash that is reported on the news is suspected to have been caused by a terrorist attack rather than just an equipment malfunction or a pilot error. In response to these attacks, security has been considerably increased in airports all over the world. Every passenger is now subject to a full body search and every hand carried and checked in item is thoroughly inspected for any suspicious objects that can either cause an explosion or aid a hijacker in gaining control over the aircraft (Campbell & Flourney 52). The impact has not been limited to airport security as even airplane manufacturers and airlines have resorted to installing devices and taking precautions with regard to what to do in case an airplane is hijacked. One of the safety measures that have been suggested and is highly debated is the issuing of arms for the pilots so that they may be able to defend themselves against any terrorist hijackers that are able to force themselves into the cockpits (Lott 1). The current controversy with regard to airline security concerns the proposal to equip the pilots of airplanes with weapons in order to protect themselves from any hijackers that manage to enter the cockpit (Taylor 2). This proposal is of course faced with a lot of opposition because of the implications of allowing pilots to be armed in aircrafts. There is a lot of concern with regard to the security of the other passengers on board just in case the armed pilots do decide to turn on the other co-pilots and hijack the aircraft themselves or hold passengers as hostages for whatever purpose. The proponents for arming the pilots argue that it is the best option because the pilots need to defend themselves against the terrorist hijackers (Keeler 151). The problem with this is that it negates the training of the pilots which is that in times such as hijackings they are not supposed to deal with the terrorists but instead secure the cockpit and land the plane as soon as possible (Will 1). The concern here is that the plane should be landed right away in order to protect not only the passengers but also the people on the ground who may become targets or victims as the 9/11 experience has shown. The duty of the pilot is not concern himself with whatever goes on in the cabin but instead make sure that the plane is safely on the ground where there are more units who can deal with the situation properly. Pilots are not adequately trained to deal with hijacking situations in terms of dealing directly with the terrorist hijackers (Will 1). Another argument for the arming of the pilots is that such a measure is only designed to protect the pilots from terrorist hijackers who succeed in gaining entry into the cockpit (3). While there as some merit to this precautionary measure, there is no guarantee that the armed pilots will do just that. There are instances when certain people, pilots included, enter a â€Å"cowboys or renegade† mode (Will 1). Most of the pilots have received a degree of military training as fighter pilots and there is some truth to the profiling of fighter pilots â€Å"live wires and risk-takers† (Will 1). The end result in these situations could be that instead of protecting the cockpit and landing the plane like they are supposed to, a number of these former fighter pilots could engage the terrorist hijackers.

Health Visitors’ Perceptions of their Role in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The discussion in the article mainly revolves and centers in two occurring forces particularly ASD and Health Visitors. The relationships being analyzed in these two topic areas are the progressively changing role of the health visitors towards the patient care of ASD cases. The center of study primarily is in England, United Kingdom, wherein the incident is clearly occurring and manifesting. Health visitors are the local health works that are in charge for the surveillance of these ASD patients and not mainly on public health. However, the argument arrives in the situation since this role is being interchanged gradually. The roles of health visitors over these ASD patients are important and boundaries should be set in order to avoid inappropriate practice. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a group disorder that manifest signs and symptoms related to the impairments of social communication and social imagination, with interest, behavior and activity constraints. Recently, there has been an increase in the prevalence rate of ASD specifically 1% of the child population or 116 per 10,000 children. The detection and surveillance of such conditions are part of the health visitor’s role. They are trained in order to detect such occurrence and help aid for those families that confronts the disorder dilemma. Health visitors act as part of the diagnostic team, and have a role of parent supporter. However, these roles are being disregarded because the common notion that health visitor’s job only revolves in referral system. Family-oriented type of role manifests in the health visitors and this serves as their guidelines in performing their tasks. However, a change in role towards public-oriented role is being issued. The developmental surveillance should function hence, these health visitors are requesting for trainings and developmental programs for their profession expansion. Current Treatments in Autism: Examining Scientific Evidence and Clinical Implications The condition of autism is under the umbrella of ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder, and not entirely the disorder itself. Autism is characterized by the impairment in social interaction, imaginative play and language development. The etiological factor of this disorder, however, is still unclear. Many experts suggest that it is a neurological impairment enveloping the imbalance production in neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin. Other symptoms that are associated in this disorder are the presence of poor eye contact, ritualistic behavior, self-stimulating or abusive behaviors such as hand flapping, rocking or finger licking and lastly, absence of imaginative play. The diagnostic procedures of Autism condition lies in the behavioral manifestation of the patient. Such diagnosis can be depressive for families to receive since, Autism disorder do not have any direct cure as of now. However, there are treatment courses that are available for this type of disorder. Behavioral treatment is one of the treatment procedures that base their concepts on learning theory and behavioral analysis. The treatment procedure specifically targets the behavior of the individual since; this is where the manifestations arise. The intervention proposed aims to modify these behavioral patterns. Another treatment course is through educational and communication interventions. This intervention involves Project TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children), PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System) and Greenspan's Developmental Approach. Each treatment programs focus on developmental and cognitive functioning of the child. There are also other forms of treatment, pharmacologic, social interaction modification, and health promotion interventions. Parent Education for Autism: Issues in Providing Services at a Distance Autism is a condition characterized by severe cognitive impairments leading to social interaction deficit, impairment in language and absence of imaginative play. These three symptoms are the primary indicators of Autism, and this disorder is under the umbrella of ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder. The condition of Autism is known to have idiopathic conditions or unknown etiologies hence, direct treatments are not available. Fortunately, there are therapies that reduce the manifestations of behavioral signs and symptoms. Moreover, there are pharmacological therapies that aids in the management of the disorder. Due to the cognitive, social and behavioral deficits of these children, they are at risk of developing various threats. The article further elaborates the condition of Autism, mainly focusing on the three involved dimensions. Since autistic patients have impaired social interactions, their expression of their needs and concerns has to be sensed critically by the parents or the responsible supervisors. This kind of scenario implicates stress and other associated emotions to the family placing them under various family risk factors. In order to resolve such case, interventions have been developed in order to aid to the indirect problems under the disorder. The basis of these interventions is the behavioral principles associated in the disorder itself. Positive behavioral support, applied behavioral analysis and critical behavioral assessment are the concepts involved in the intervention procedures. Parents are the main access point for Autism behavioral interventions, hence; they are required to be aware of the possible treatment and intervention procedures that can be done with their patients. Parent education about the condition of Autism is stressed in order for the parents to be familiar with the behavioral conditions of their children, and be able to implement the appropriate intervention for such case. Reference Halpin, J., & Barbara, N. (2007, January 1). Health visitors' perceptions of their role in autism spectrum disorder. Community Practitioner, Harrison, J. E. (2002, April 1). Current treatments in autism: examining scientific evidence and clinical implications. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing , Symon, J. B. (2001, June 22). Parent Education for Autism: Issues in Providing Services at a Distance. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, Â  

Standards in Police Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Standards in Police Selection - Essay Example Cases in the media where police officers are caught (on tape or otherwise) brutalizing segments of society only underscore the importance of careful police selection processes being in place. But how do police departments typically set the standards which recruits must pass and what methods are implemented during this crucial selection process? According to Doerner and Nowell (1999), "Most departments rely upon polygraphing, physical wellness standards, educational requirements, medical reviews, and background checks to screen out patently unqualified applicants." These methods are often augmented by "psychological testing, personality typologies, cognitive examinations, interest inventories, oral board interviews, assessment centers, and situational tests" (Doerner & Nowell 1999) in order to complete the selection process. In order to save time and cost in the police selection process, however, attempts to replace these traditional methods of police selection are continually being tested for reliability and validity. To this end, there are many new police selection tools that have come on the market recently. One of these newer methods of police selection is the behavioral-personnel assessment device test (B-PAD). In this test, recruits view a videotape of typical police crises and scenarios, and then their responses of how they would handle the situation as a police officer are recorded on tape, to be viewed by a panel of judges.(Doerner & Nowell 1999). The B-PAD is supposed to test a recruits interpersonal skills and judgment. There are some questions about whether such a test is biased against the demographic background factors of either the recruit or the judges, such as bias based on sex or race. Although preliminary studies show there is no bias in test, there is sure to be more research on this . One of the most typical ways that a police department in the U.S. selects recruits is

Environment assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Environment assignment - Essay Example This is an involuntary risk. C). Exposure to ultraviolet radiations (UV). The UV radiations exposure during sun bathing after swimming can damage the eyes and the skin. This is a voluntary risk. 2) Environmental risks related to home and Neighborhood. a)Inhaling Carbon Monoxide that emanates from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel . These fuels are used for cooking or heating homes during cold seasons. Exposure to carbon monoxide at home may be considered as involuntary and poses the risk headaches, cognitive impairments and other neuro-psychiatrist problems. b) Risk posed by pesticides that are used for exterminating and preventing insect pests. The pesticide has a negative effect on the human reproductive and neurological systems. This is an involuntary risk. C) Exposure to volatile organic compounds used at home for cleaning appliances and for personal hygiene such as hair fresheners. These compounds cause nose eye and throat irritation and also affects the kidney and the nervou s system. It is an involuntary risk. 3. Environmental risks related to living (school and work). a) Noise and Vibration risks. The noise and vibration emanates from highway traffic when traveling from home to and from school. This noise cause headaches, stress and may also result in damaging of the eardrum and the subsequent impairment of hearing capability. b) Risk of sudden change of heat and humidity.

Changes must happen in both human eating habits and food cultivation Research Paper

Changes must happen in both human eating habits and food cultivation if the human race is to survive - Research Paper Example uding pizza and burger focusing mainly on takeaway food items, this in return result’s in harmful diseases in conjunction to obesity and poor eating habits and diet namely heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes as per US department of health and human services. In order to overcome these life claiming diseases it is important for people to alter their lifestyles eating habits and recognize the need for healthy diet. Conversely, comparing modern cultivation with traditional cultivation in today’s era the profit norm drives the mechanism of farming paying special emphasis on quantity of crops to be yield using pesticides and chemical fertilizers having implication on both ecosystem and human life, these crucial matters if not tend to than could lead to substantive impact on human lives (National Research Council , 1975). Firstly, poor diet associated with bad eating habits makes a human body more prone to being overweight and obese, according to W.H.O (World Health Organization) these traits makes a human body more susceptible to chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular heart diseases and cancer. People today should recognize the need to alter their lifestyle and incorporate physical activities and more importantly establish a healthy diet routine for themselves and recommend others as well by explaining to them the catastrophic risk on their lives which could be avoided by doing so (Counihan, 2013). Secondly, Stanford hospital USA suggest as per their research that alone in the United States of America obesity has doubled in children and tripled among teenagers since 1980, quoted as per research, that 15% percent of children aged six to 19 are considered overweight, adding to this that more than 60% of adults are either overweight or obese. As per WHO analysis, published on their website obesity was initially to be found more in high income developed countries but today this issue has widespread to developing medium income countries as well this

Propose an Early Childhood Education Coursework

Propose an Early Childhood Education - Coursework Example It is important to note that each class will have its theme based on each child’s age and development. The daily schedule depends on the teacher and child activities. Globalization means long working hours for the parents and therefore Bright Kids Academy understands the need to offer before and after school care to such parents. The Academy will provide ample time for homework as well as life-enhancing skills and projects during the after-school program. The Academy stands out from the rest due to its mission and vision. The Academy will remain active in a learning environment while building the partnership with the employees, community, and parents in order to provide the best educational experience and a bright future for our children. It will create life-long learning inspiration through working with families ensuring that each child learns, grows, and plays in a rich and safe environment. Bright Kids Learning Academy mission is to provide every child with quality educatio n ensuring that they learn on their own and at their pace while receiving any help they need in their development. The Academy encourages play through various curriculums because it is their only work. It encourages the children to love learning while seeking their curiosity through play. Through learning, children can communicate, explore, hold discussions, and manipulate through group activities. The learning curriculum includes emotional, social, physical, and cognitive developments, and the children are our first and last priorities.

Management styles within the cultures of UK- and Iran-based Dissertation

Management styles within the cultures of UK- and Iran-based construction joint ventures - Dissertation Example Case Study) 27 Chapter 6 - Presentation and Discussion (Semi Structured Interview) 30 Chapter 7 – Recommendations 33 Chapter 8 – Conclusion Limitation and Future Research 34 8.1 Conclusion 34 References 36 Bibliography 41 Appendix – Semi Structured Interview Questions 44 LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES Table/Figure Page No. Cultural Differences between Iran and UK 13 Culture Comparison of Iran and UK 13-14 Comparative chart from the case study 24 Similarity Chart from the case study 24 Abstract The management style adopted by a firm plays an indispensible role in the success of that firm. It is often considered as an amalgamation of motivation, attitudes towards responsibility and leadership. This study aimed to explore the relevance of 'culture' when defining and comparing management styles in the UK and in Iran. In addition, the study also aimed to develop insights about these cultures and styles that might inform construction managers preparing to work on one or both of these environments. In order to accomplish it, the study has made use of case study method and has chosen two companies, one from the UK construction industry and the other one from Iranian construction industry. The study also considered the importance of national culture while exploring the differences of management styles among the two companies. The study revealed that there are vast differences among the national cultures of UK and Iran. Furthermore, the study also made it evident that national cultures play crucial roles in shaping the management styles of a company. As a result of that the management styles of the companies belonging to Iranian and UK construction industry greatly differs. On the basis of these findings, some recommendations have been made to the potential construction managers for the purpose of preparing them to work with Iranian counterparts, and vice versa. The key recommendations were to develop culture awareness among the managers and promote open c ommunication. 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Research objectives are The primary research objective of this dissertation is to explore the relevance of 'culture' when defining and comparing management styles in the UK and in Iran. The aim is to gather information and to discover the clear Constructs and if possible their relationships. The secondary objective is to develop insights about these cultures and styles that might inform construction managers preparing to work on one or both of these environments All mutual behaviours are linked to other intensely held beliefs and morals and implanted in a certain context. This means the risks are high for mishandling cultural dissimilarities.

Gender differences and factors that affect stock Research Paper

Gender differences and factors that affect stock - Research Paper Example However the author wanted to find out any relationship between those factors and stock investment which was not widely studied by early researches. What is the central hypothesis or main proposition that the author is trying to express/explore? Is your (the central) hypothesis best classified as descriptive, explanatory, or predictive/causal? Does the main hypothesis call for a measure of association or a measure of difference between two variables? Defend your position on these issues. This study is intended to determine factors that affect the investment decision of a sample of Canadian investors and analyze relationships between different variables. According to the literature provided by the author this type of researches had not been conducted earlier therefore this is best described as a descriptive or exploratory research. Select the central hypotheses presented in the article. What is the theoretical basis of your (the central) hypothesis? Does this hypothesis logically flow from and relate to the theorized constructs and relationships presented as the basis for the research or was it picked out of thin air? Defend your position. The central hypothesis have a research importance since the findings of this research may helpful for many mediators, investors, advisers and policy makers of the stock market . They can use these findings for more efficient and sustainable stock market Construct Validity? In your (the central) hypothesis, look for a description of how the cause (that is, the independent (or predictor variable(s)) and the effect (that is, the dependent (or criterion variable(s)) are being measured. Face Validity:   Do the measures measure what they are supposed to measure?   Internal reliability:   Are the measures reliable?   What level of measurement is applied to these variables (for example, for each, identify if they are nominal, ordinal, scalar). What is the

Time Value of Money Essay Example for Free

Time Value of Money Essay Interest rate pertains to the earning which is made over time (Valentino, 2002). Two important parties are engaged in this scenario – the borrower and the lender. The borrower incurs the losses while the investor has the interest, the profit, after the term is fulfilled. There are two main types of interest rates according to their nature: nominal interest rate and the real interest rate. Nominal interest rates are fixed and normally contract bound for a given term. While real interest rate takes inflation into account, thus the interest rate is subject to change over time, depending on the economic conditions (Dr. Johnson, 1994-2005). For example, a $10,000 loan with an interest rate of 20% payable for 2 years will have the same interest rate until the 2-year term ends under a nominal interest rate setting while the interest rate is likely to change after the 1st year under a real interest rate setting. Interest rates can also be classified according to their earning power: simple interest and compound interest. In simple interest, only the principal amount gains interest. While in compound interest, the current amount (principal + the previous interest incurred) will gain the interest (Valentino, 2002). For example, if Mr. X borrowed $10,000 from a bank with a simple interest rate of 10% annually. The interest will be equal to $10,000 X 0.10 X 2 which is equal to $2,000. Hence, the accumulated value will be equal to $10,000 plus $2,000 which is equal to $12,000 after the 2-year term. While under compound interest, after the first year, the interest would be $10,000 X 0.10 = $1,000 and the accumulated value will be $11,000. This will become the new principal. After the second year, the interest would be $11,000 X 0.10 = $ 1,100 and so the accumulated value would be $ 12,100 at the end of the 2-year term (TVM 1.2.2 Java Bean, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discount rate is not much different from the interest rate. Actually, it is also governed by the same principle. The only difference between the two is that the interest is paid at the end of the term under an interest rate, but under a discount rate, the interest is paid immediately or at the beginning of the period (Dr. Johnson, 1994-2005). Using the previous example, under a simple discount rate of 10% if Mr. X would have to borrowed the same amount then, the bank would not give him $10,000, but less the interest. Since the interest must be discounted at the beginning, then the bank will only lend him $8,000 but he has to pay $ 10,000 at the end of the 2-year term (TVM 1.2.2 Java Bean, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, the interest and discount rate are some of the most important economic indicators. Proper computation and data would give economists a measure of how much an interest rate would be. Therefore, to preserve the value of money through time, analysts should accurately measure the current economic trends and implement the most accurate rates as possible. References: Valentino P. (2002). Interest Rates. Retrieved August 17, 2007, from Economics Web Institute. Website: http://www.economicswebinstitute.org/glossary/interest.htm. Dr. Johnson, P.M. (1994-2005). A Glossary of Political Economy Terms: Discount rate. Retrieved August 17, 2007, from Auburn University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Website: http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/discount_rate. TVM 1.2.2 Java Bean. Retrieved August 17, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from: http://www.getobjects.com/Components/Finance/TVM/tvm.html.

Business Ethics Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics Essay This paper will focus on Benji Watson, a graduate from the Liberty University MBA program and his recruitment by a corporation that sells various vitamins, health foods and health supplements; New Gen Health Sciences. The case study that was presented provides us certain information that Benji has either gotten from his recruiter or from his own personal research. After a weekend of being at the company introduction event, Benji is presented with a dilemma as to whether to accept the lucrative offer New Gen has presented him. Throughout this paper I will take a closer look as to whether I believe Benji should or should not accept his contract offer from New Gen. Integrity One of the most important factors when looking into joining a corporation is to take a look from the top and see how the CEO runs his corporation. Benji has already had several red flags raised as to the business practices that the CEO of New Gen employs throughout his corporation. Mary C. Daly (2003) describes how a Harvard Business School case study quoted an Enron official who gave a description of Jeffrey Skilling’s decision-making process as follows: It was all about creating an atmosphere of deliberately breaking the rules† (p. 269-270). She goes on to say that in a similar situation, Salomon Brothers encouraged extreme risk taking in the pursuit of profits that sometimes were not within the ethics or morals of the individual (p. 270). A severe lack of integrity within these corporations ultimately led to their demise. Unfortunately, it seems as if the CEO of New Gen is headed down this same path in his pursuit of profits. The CEO of New Gen claims to be a person who cares about people and making their lives better, yet he displays a total lack of integrity when he referred to the company’s customers as â€Å"fat, lazy, lethargic Americans.† Benji needs to ask himself, is this the type of boss I want to work for? To make matters worse and to once again bring the CEO’s integrity into question, he harshly asked another potential employee whose infant child was crying to leave the room as to not bother the others who were in the room. I would caution Benji to take into consideration these actions when he makes his decision. Julia Sferlazzo (2012) describes two types of business ethics theories and the debate that focuses on whose interest’s managers should consider when they are making decisions (p. 772). The two theories, shareholder and stakeholder theories respectively, both take a different approach in how they go about implementing their business ethics. The shareholders theory basically involves when the only duty of the manager is to pursue profit and that the only obligations they have are to act within the confines of the law. This theory was favored in the early 1900’s but over the past several decades this theory has fallen out of favor in terms of government regulation due to the corruption and corporate greed. In the stakeholders theory, a balance is placed on what is in the best interest of the shareholder, employees, the community, and as society. This theory of professional ethics is accepted the most amongst academics (Sferlazzo, 2012, p.772-773). Based on the theories I have outlined above, I believe that New Gen more closely falls in line with the shareholder theory, and one that could lead down the path of corruption. Although New Gen is not ethically doing anything illegal, they are falsely marketing their company as a leader in ethics when in reality they are only in pursuit of the maximum amount of profit. â€Å"For the love of money is the root of all evil; which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. But though, O man of God, flee these things; and follow after righteousness, godliness, faith, love, patience, meekness† (Timothy 6:10-11, NIV). Strategic Ethics vs. Real Ethics In Dobson’s (n.d.) critique, he states several times that although a business’ actions may appear moral, it is clear that the motivation can sometimes only be material. This question is are these companies only saying they are running an ethical business as motivation to attract investors or are they taking action on what they are saying by their real ethics they are imploring. When Benji was conversing with his recruiter about New Gen’s industry leading ethics code, the recruiter basically told him that it was a strategy that the company had to say in order to ensure  government regulations were met and they could entice investors. This should be a red flag for Benji that this company may be employing a strategic ethic instead of real ethics in order to attract new investors rather than doing the right thing. These dishonest business practices along with not being able to adhere to real ethics and using them only to their strategic advantage will eventually ca tch up to this company and its financials will struggle if these practices continue. â€Å"Beware of false prophets who come to you in sheep’s clothing but inwardly are ravaging wolves† (Matthew 7:15, NIV). Benji would be wise to heed the advice that Jesus gave to Matthew when advising him on how to enter the kingdom of heaven. Spiritually, Benji has to make a conscience effort to continue to research and investigate on whether this is a wise decision for him to accept a job from a potential dishonest corporation. Is New Gen a corporation that values its consumers and employers both ethically and spiritually or are they a corporation that only uses their â€Å"industry leading ethics code† as a strategic ploy to attract their investors? These are the questions Benji must consider when deciding on accepting this contract offer. The Decision From both a spiritual and an ethical perspective there is no way that I would advise Benji to accept this job offer. Although this job appears lucrative from the outside looking in, upon further research Benji should realize that this company’s foundation is based upon furthering the profit for the CEO and not taking into consideration of the stakeholders. Furthermore, New Gen is a company that is dishonest and shows a total disregard to the integrity that a reputable business would display. In no way would I advise Benji to accept this job offer. References Daly, Mary C. (2003). INTEGRITY IN THE PRACTICE OF LAW: TEACHING INTEGRITY IN THE PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY CURRICULUM: A MODEST PROPOSAL FOR CHANGE. Fordham Law Review, 72, 261-277. Dobson, John (n.d.). Virtue Ethics as a Foundation for Business Ethics: A â€Å"MacIntyre-Based Critique† Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://www.stthomas.edu/cathstudies/cst/conferences/antwerp/papers/dobson.pdf Sferlazzo, Julia (2012). Learning Legal Ethics From MBAs: How a Comparison of Legal and Business Ethics Could Promote Ethical Professional Behavior. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 25, 769-786.

Motivational Factors of the Public Sector

Motivational Factors of the Public Sector The idea that money motivates people to work is a much disputed subject with many differing theories. It is an imperative reality that companies must have a firm awareness of how to motivate their employees in order to encourage the acceptance of organisational goals (Kleinbeck et al. 1990).The range of contradictory research makes it difficult for companies to decide upon one effective way of motivating employees. Mullins (2007) describes how there are two methods of motivation extrinsic and intrinsic. Money is an extrinsic motivator as it is a tangible reward, whereas motivators such as recognition and achievement are intrinsic and offer intangible psychological rewards (Mullins,2007). Theories on motivation often focus on either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation and do not speculate on the effect of a mix of these motivational methods. Taylors (2003) rational economic concept of motivation is based upon the principle that staff are mostly motivated by money due to their economic needs. In contrast, Kusin (2005, p.76) argues that work is about letting people know they are important and recognition, can sometimes be more important than money. This argument is supported by theorists such as Maslow, Alderfer and Herzberg. Many theories discuss whether or not employees are motivated by money but there is no extensive regarding the extent to which money motivates employees and the differing motivational impact it has on people working in different sectors. It would therefore be beneficial to conduct a research project into the extent to which money motivates employees and if this differs between sectors. This research could help organisations to follow a basic model which would suit their sector, aims and objectives. Conducting research into public sector employees such as nurses and teachers will allow me to see if motivational factors are different to those employees working within a purely profit driven organisation. It is important to conduct the research on the identified subject (employees) through the correct medium in order to achieve accurate results. Stockport Removals and Storage Limited is a small/medium sized company operating within the North West. They have agreed to participate within the research project providing research on employees working within a profit making, private company. The company has been operating for 20 years and has a number of long serving employees as well as recently recruited staff. This will allow research to be conducted across a range of employee contract types in order to see the variety of factors which motivate employees. Stockport Removals offer remuneration in line with competitors within the area as well as providing overtime and bonus schemes. The midwifery department in Stepping Hill Hospital NHS have also offered to take part in the study in order to offer an insight into motivational factors within a public sector company. Remuneration within the public sector is a much discussed subject within the media. The NHS have recently made plans to make 35,000 (employees) redundant unless staff accept a pay deal that will see them lose up to several thousand pounds a year (Observer, 2010). This makes NHS workers a particularly effective source of research as pay and motivation will be at the forefront of operations at such a time. Comparisons in research between public and private sector organisational motivation will help to see if remuneration motivates every employee to the same extent regardless of job type of sector of the organisation. Literature Review Reviewing current literature that is available on motivational ideas, can help to gain background information on the subject and acquire a further understanding of the studies and theories already published. This will demonstrate the research gaps in current information on motivation and remuneration. There are arguments for and against the idea that employee motivation is enhanced through remuneration. Taylor discussed the theory of motivation within his Scientific Management model. Within this model, the term maximum prosperity is key when understanding his suggested link between motivation and money. Taylor (1998) argues that the interest of both the company and the employee are maximum prosperity and in order to create wealth for the company, a worker must be given what he most wants high wages. When a business provides maximum prosperity for employees, the employee will not only become motivated through remuneration, but the process will result in the development of each man to his state of maximum efficiency which will in turn create an affluent firm. (Taylor 1998, p.1.) Lawler (1971, p128.) supports Taylors theory as he believes that individual incentive plans typically lead to substantial increases in productivity. Although it could be argued that some research shows that job performance can be improved through remuneration, the significance of motivation cannot be assumed. (Kelly, 1982). A main drawback for money being the sole motivator is that the scientific management theory had an overly simplified view of motivation (Taylor 2003, p.5.) only focusing on one aspect of motivation the tangible benefits given to employees. It also does not take into account other intrinsic factors that could be improving motivation within any studies. Despite Taylors argument, there is much literature that documents the findings that money is not a motivator. It is clear that employers benefit from a motivated work force, and it is therefore important to provide the correct methods of motivation to employees. Saunders (2003, p.75.) argues that the benefits that people want depend on their individual circumstances. Management Today have reviewed that it is time for companies to circum to the realisation that money is no longer an effective way of motivating a workforce (Management Today, 2003). People are now motivated by less easily defined needs than money, such as psychological work factors. Saunders explains how once basic money needs are satisfied, they act as little motivation for the majority of a work force. Employees gain more satisfaction and motivation from intrinsic benefits such as job satisfaction, enjoyment and feeling part of a social group. These factors are not only beneficial to employees, but are welcomed by com panies as they are cheap in comparison to economic incentives. Saunders also believes that managers would be better off investing time in employees in order to get the bases of the psychological benefits in place rather than investing in monetary rewards (Saunders, 2003). The Chartered Management Institute conducted The Business Energy Survey:2005 in which they examined motivation levels within organisations, and what factors are most influential in motivating staff. Their key findings were that professional and individual development are much higher level motivators than money and financial rewards to employees. The most highly ranked motivation factor was a sense of purpose in work in contrast to one of the lowest ranking factors being performance related rewards and incentives. Cook and Jackson (2005) conclude that intrinsic rewards such as challenge and sense of achievement outweigh factors such as remuneration and financial rewards when trying to motivate employees. Many elements of these arguments are also included in theorist models. Models of Motivation There are many concepts surrounding motivation in the workplace. Motivation theories and models such as Herzbergs Two Factor Theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs give a greater insight into the factors which encourage motivation. Maslow turned attention away from economic benefits and to the human nature and the psychological side of motivation. According to Maslow human motivation is a complex matter governed as it is by a hierarchy of needs(Bennaars 1993, p.81). A further insight into motivation is evident in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs model. Maslows model has been a widely used paradigm in business (Maslow 1987, p.12). Maslow used a framework in which needs are arranged in stages, in order of importance often documented as a pyramid of needs. Basic needs were described as physiological needs. Leavitt (1988, p.20) describes these physiological needs as the the starting point for motivation. When relating to Maslows intended use for the motivation theory human psychology, they are needs such as hunger, thirst, shelter and a need for oxygen. In theory, laws will protect employees from the lack of these and ensure that in the workplace, physiological needs are satisfied through legislation such as Health and Safety at Work Act (1974). If these basic needs are not satisfied however, then more advanced needs would become irrelevant as desire for psychological needs would dominate. The next stage within the motivation pyramid is safety needs which are concerned with safety, job security, and the need for order. It is evident that people prefer a safe, orderly, predictable, organized world (Steers and Porter 1991, p.201) which can be related to the workplace. Once this has been satisfied, the next motivator is love needs. These needs are associated to social interaction and can be satisfied through cohesive work groups, friendly supervision, and professional associations. The next need to be satisfied after love would be esteem. People within our society have a desire for a stable, firmly based, high evaluation of themselves for self respect (Maslow 1964, p.183). Steers and Porter (1991) describe how when relating esteem needs to organisational factors, they would translate as achieving social recognition, having a impressive job title and working within a high status job. The final stage of the model is self actualisation. This is concerned with the self development and realisation of ones potential. The rewards of this would be growth, progression and creativeness through a demanding job and achievement within an organisation. Leavitt (1988, p.28.) described this as achieving the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming. Once a lower need is satisfied, it no longer acts a motivator and therefore employees will strive to be motivated by the next level (Mullins, 2007). Management Todays Andrew Saunders is an advocate for the Maslow Theory and claims that his theory remains watertight despite the model being over 60 years old (Saunders 2003, p.75 ). A clear drawback for relating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to motivation in the workplace is that his research and theories were not originally intended for use within a corporate environment. We therefore rely on assumptions of interpretations of his model. After further research, Wahba and Bridgewell (1976, pp.212-140) found no clear evidence for Maslows proposition except with regard to self-actualization. Herzbergs Two Factor Theory is based upon the idea that there are two aspects which have an influence upon motivation hygiene factors and motivator factors. Hygiene factors must be in place in organisational environments for the prevention of dissatisfaction(Herzberg 1993, p.16). These factors include environmental motivators such as salary, working conditions, job security and interpersonal relationships. Herzberg goes onto describe how the second factor, motivator factors, are the aspects that motivate employees. These factors include psychological rewards such as a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility and personal growth. It is argued that companies emphasis should be on the strengthening of motivatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ hygiene is not enough (Herzberg 1993, p.132). In effect, this raises the issue that remuneration is in fact an element that could dissatisfy employees if it is not present, and that money rewards and payment is not enough to motivate employees alone. Critics of Herzbergs model claim that the theory only applies to unskilled, repetitive jobs and the methodology of collecting results and interpreting the data, resulted in bias findings (Mullins, 2007). Despite the criticisms of the theory has had a considerable effect on the rewards and remuneration packages offered by corporations (Crainer and Dearlove 2001. p. 361) Similarities can be drawn from reviewing Herzberg and Maslows models of motivation. Neither model uses remuneration as a high level motivator. Herzberg argues that salary is a hygiene factor and will de-motivate employees if it is not present. Pay therefore does have a correlation between motivation and job satisfaction but is not a key element in achieving high levels of employee motivation as growth factors are more influential. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs also has remuneration as a basic need in which pay is necessary in order to prevent dissatisfaction and motivates at lower levels in the short term but is not a high level motivator once satisfied. There is a distinct lack of academic sources, information and research relating to motivation within public sector work forces. It is important to consider that managing people continues to be essential to performance in public organisations. It is argued that in the public sector, there is a conflict between employees fulfilling organisational goals, and employees fulfilling their right to self-expression. This possibly decreases motivation in the workplace (Kearney and Berman 1999, p.2). My research would be beneficial in order to see if public sector workers have separate motivational factors to private sector workers. To summarise, is it clear that money is an ambiguous subject in the discussion of motivation. It is considered within many theories, however it can be argued that to what extent and how important it is depends upon employees personal circumstances and the other satisfactions they derive from work. (Mullins 2007, p255). The main problems with the current literature are that they often focus solely on one area of motivation extrinsic motivation or intrinsic motivation. Theories also contradict each other and make it difficult to derive a definitive answer as to when/if/how money motivates and to what extent. Further research is necessary in order to discover if money is an influential motivational factor in all sectors within the workplace. Research Design In order to solve the research problem effectively and gain the correct information for analysis it is important to choose between a quantitative research method and qualitative. Qualitative research is used to investigate attitudes, beliefs and experiences whereas quantitative research will generate statistics and numerical information (Dawson, 2006). As this research proposal wishes to explore to what extent employees are motivated by money, a qualitative approach would produce the most effective data. It is proposed to conduct two case studies on employees within a private business (Stockport Removals) and employees working within the public sector (NHS staff). Interviews will be used as the method of gathering data on to the extent which remuneration effects employee motivation in the public and private sector. 10 employees from each organisation will take part in the research. This figure has been taken as resources do not allow the entire business population to be interviewed although multiple interviews need to take place to ensure reliability of results. I will use a semi structured interview technique as I wish to gain specific information and ask certain questions to every interviewee whilst allowing room for elaboration on certain topics. This will allow me to gain a more in depth insight into the employees views and analyse data effectively. I can then evaluate responses of employees working in the public sector in comparison to employees working with the private employees to draw conclusions. This style has been chosen as an unstructured interview would collect lots of irrelevant data which would then make data analysis difficult to conduct. A structured interview would produce quantitative data which is not relevant to the research problem as motivation is such a personal, emotive subject. Asking open ended questions will help to gain an insight into employees feelings and beliefs and therefore quantitative data methods would not be functional. Appendix 1 shows the interview structure to be used. These questions are mainly open ended and allow for the interviewee to give a more in depth and personal account of motivation. The initial question allows the researcher to establish if the candidate is motivated in their current working position. This is essential as if they are not motivated in their work, then they will not be able to give full explanation as to what motivates them in their current role. The second question explores the factors that motivate the employee aside from motivation. This question aims to see if members of the organisations are motivated by intrinsic factors when disregarding payment schemes. This is important in order to establish the main aim of to what extent motivation is related to remuneration. Question four and five on the interview schedule (Appendix 1) help to evaluate the current motivational theories and models already published (Maslow and Herzberg) and see if the interviewees feel that the areas and factors within them are relevant to their personal motivation. This may also help issues arise that are not covered within the models in the literature. Further questions include topics on intrinsic motivation. It is important to establish to what extent interviewees are motivated by intrinsic factors in order to compare with the extrinsic factor of motivation. If candidates are more motivated by intrinsic factors such as praise and recognition then they may be less motivated by financial payments. Question eight asks whether the company values motivate the employee. This is an essential question in order to establish the difference between motivational factors in the public sector and the private sector. The final questions help to establish whether motivation changes with the length of services as some literature states that members may initially enter a career for remuneration factors but are motivated by different intrinsic factors once established in the role. Appendix 1s interview questions help to establish the extent to which motivation is influenced by remuneration, and evaluate the current strategies that are used for motivation (eg Maslow and Herzberg) for effectiveness. This will help to see if there are any other main factors in aiding motivation. To ensure that the interviews are consistent and structure, I will develop an interview schedule detailing the topics and questions to be covered (Appendix 1). This will ensure that I have no leading questions and will prevent interviewees from digressing from the topic area. It will help to add focus to the interviewer. Questions will be asked such as what makes you feel motivated at work using elements of theories to explain points and gain an insight into whether employees are motivated by extrinsic or intrinsic factors. A tape recorder will be used in order to collect the data whilst enabling eye contact and positive body language to be maintained with the interviewee. It is important that the method of recording does not alter the rapport I build with the interviewee as some methods can make the subject feel uncomfortable. Recording the interview will make data analysis easier as the interaction between researcher and interviewee can be recorded and analysed at a later date. (Dawson, 2006). I will however, have to ensure that equipment is operational as relying on technology can often result in mishaps. Interviewees may also become nervous of the tape recorder thus producing an emotional barrier. In order to overcome any potential problems with the methods of recording data I may take some notes of important topics and points drawn through research throughout the interview. This will produce a backup in case there are technical difficulties and data is omitted. Ensuring eye contact is kept with the interviewee is essential to keep them engaged and to prevent an interpersonal barrier. In order to conduct interviews, research candidates must be chosen. Sampling is required as it is unrealistic and impractical to interview all members of staff within the organisations that have agreed to participate in the study. The sample chosen needs to be large enough to create reliable results using the resources available and give a representation of all members of staff at that specific level in the hierarchy. In order to make a sample from the business population I will use a probability sampling method called stratified sampling. This will involve dividing the population (of the organisations) into groups based upon characteristics. The key characteristics of the employees I wish to interview are; they must be working on a permanent basis, at a non managerial level, working for remuneration. The advantage of stratified sampling is that it will ensure that results are representative of the people within the whole of the criteria population. Despite stratified sampling being used, resources do not allow us to interview all of the people that fit the sample criteria, as this would be 20 people within the private sector business and 32 within the public sector organisation. This uneven sample size would result in inaccurate data being retrieved. Sample sizes should be the same in order to make truthful comparisons. Simple random sampling could then be used in order to narrow down the interviewees further. This method means that each member of the current population has an equal chance of being chosen (Bryman and Bell, 2007). This can be used as employees within the remaining population already fit the characteristic required of the research project. All employees within the sample will be on the same level of the hierarchy and managers will not be included in the study in order to ensure that there is little sample error as peoples motivation may change as they are promoted up the hierarchy. Rapport is a type of relationship in which trust and mutual respect is built. During data collection it is argued that building a rapport is essential in order to encourage the interviewee to participate in the interview and feel relaxed to give quality answers (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Through conducting research, Toma (2000) found that rapport helped to give interview candidates more of an understanding of the question and enhanced the relevance and quality of answers. I will try to build rapport by delivering questions and avoiding the use of jargon so the research subject does not feel uneasy or intimidated by language used. I will also maintain eye contact and ensure that candidates know that the questions are for research purposes and will not affect their employment positions or be forwarded to managers or senior members of staff. Anthropologist Roslie Wax (1971) as cited in Marshall and Rossman (2011) highlighted the importance of establishing a relationship with the research study subjects and used methods to demonstrate flexibility and trust between researcher and interviewee. It is, however, possible to have too much rapport as well as too little (Seidman, 1998) in order to achieve accurate non bias results therefore I will try to strike a balance between these roles. Data Analysis Once data is collected, to effectively identify the extent to which remuneration has an impact on employee motivation and evaluate if current motivational strategies in literature are contributory factors to motivation in the workplace, the findings from data collection and research will be analyzed. Based on this analysis, conclusions can be made as to whether money is a motivator and recommendations can be made as to how to motivate employees to improve productivity and job satisfaction. It is important to have a planned strategy in place to analyze findings as leaving all the data collected to the end will make analysis more difficult as it can be over facing and the researcher may loose track of the themes and findings within each interview. Maxwell (2005) argues that an effective qualitative researcher will instigate data analysis after each interview. During this research process data analysis will be an ongoing method throughout both the data collection process and as a final assembly at the end of data collection. Analysis will not be left purely to content analysis after collection. In order to continually analyze the data collected, interview summary forms will be used for data analysis at the end of each interview (Appendix 2). Appendix 2, is based upon the model of Dawson (2006, p113). These forms help researchers gain a firmer understanding of the responses and aid knowledge when trying to draw on final conclusions. Heinrich (1984) used a similar method when conducting his research project on biological data. He analysed data on the same day as collection and believed that this helped to track progress and built up the data analysis through the collection. Analysis on interview summary forms from early interviews may result in topics and issues arising that were not foreseen. This will then allow the researcher to analyse this information and include it in the next subsequent interviews in order to receive the most in depth and relevant information possible. Qualitative data analysis is an individual process and different researchers may derive different conclusions from the same information (Dawson 2005, p.111). In order to ensure relevant information is analysed, content analysis will be used at the end of the data collection process. This will help to reflect on the interview summary forms and use the data collected in order to make sense of the information. In order to analyse the data, coding will be used. Coding is analysis through segmenting and reassembling of the data, aiming to transform the data into conclusions and understanding (Boeije 2009, p.94.). The initial stage in content analysis is gaining understanding of the documentation created (interview summary forms) and data collected. All documentation will be reread and the tape recorded interviews will be listened to in order to recap on the research conducted and gain a firm perceptive of the research data. The question, research problem and objectives should be reread in order to maintain focus on answering the research proposal and drawing relevant information. Through listening to the tape recordings and reading the documentation, notes can be made to draw out frequently occuring topics. This is the segmentation of the data (a concept within open coding) by looking for themes that derive from the interviews. I will highlight important topics and be aware of the frequency of words, phrases or incidents that the candidates discuss. The topics that are uncovered can then be used in comparison with current motivational theories such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzbergs Two Factor Theory in order to see if our research shows a similar link between remuneration and motivation findings. The research findings may contradict or support a particular theory within literature and the research hopes to draw conclusions to clarify effective motivational factors. This is being conducted in order to overcome the conflicting literature. It is also important to check that the sample has achieved sufficient relevant research responses. If analysis doesnt uncover relevant responses to the aim of the research proposal then further sampling and research may need to be carried out. Uncovering themes or codes can then help to draw upon findings and aid in the effective analysis of data. Anticipated Problems There are problems and risks that can be anticipated when conducting research with people and within companies. Firstly, the research method must be correct. As we are using a semi structured interview, the disadvantages of this method need to be highlighted. The main disadvantage of this interview technique is the time that it takes to conduct and the data analysis. Data analysis can be difficult due to the extent of the responses within each interview question. Relevant information must be sifted out ensuring that no interviewer bias is added. This could also cause problems with the organisation as the opportunity costs of the time it takes to interview employees must be taken into account. Whilst employees are conducting the research interview, they are not carrying out their employment tasks and responsibilities which could cause friction between the employee, employer and the researcher. Displeasing the employer could have detrimental effects on the interview process as this could result in bias information or termination of the research project all together. This should be avoided by ensuring the employers are made fully aware of the intensions of the interview and that the interviews will be conducted as time efficiently as possible. A further concern would be that the organisations could influence employees answers by briefing them to ensure they do not reveal certain information about the company. This would also bias results and not capture employees in a comfortable position to open up. This will be avoided by choosing employees at random and ensuring that organisations are aware that the information found will not be publicized in order to scrutinize the brand or image of the business. The drawback of researching with private sector employees from one company and public sector employees from one organisation is that they may not be representative of the entire population of workers within each sector. If this surfaced as a problem, then one could increase the sample size to research further into different sizes and types of public and private sector businesses. The sample size needs to be large enough to get enough relevant data as the larger the sample, the more accurate the data is of the population. However, it is unrealistic to choose the whole population of private and public sector workers as there would be too much information which would then be difficult to code and analyse. The sample size needs to be manageable to prevent information over load and ensure that the topic is at the heart of the data found. This problem had been overcome by using a sample size of 10 employees within each organisation being researched. During the interview process, there will be a conscious effort to ensure that no barriers will impact on the reliability and validity of the findings. Physical barriers will be avoided by allowing the interviewee to have the interview conducted where they feel most comfortable. Psychological barriers will be avoided by ensuring that interviewees are not overloaded with information and jargon isnt used for they feel relaxed. Avoiding these barriers will aid effective communication and ensure that rapport is built between researcher and interview candidate. This rapport will help interviewees to open up and give detailed and accurate information on the personal topic of motivation. Ethical Considerations When conducting research with the public, ethical issues can often arise. There are many factors to take into account in order to ensure no harm is done to the organisation, the participants are employed by the organisation and myself as the researcher. Firstly, the research will be conducted overtly as all participants will be informed of the purpose of the research and no form of under cover observation will be conducted. I will ensure that all members of the participating sample give full consent to taking part and will provide a Code of Ethics in order to document how the information will be used, and how they will be protected. Privacy, confidentiality and anonymity is essential during this research proposal as it is preferred that the candidates feel at ease and open about their feelings on the subject. I believe that if participants feel that the information they

Why Educate? :: Essays Papers

Why Educate? As I ponder what my educational philosophy is, and what I hope it will become, I find it necessary to consider why we educate our children in the first place, and why we finance countless public school systems with local tax dollars and federal funds only to hear over and over that schools are failing, our teachers are inadequate, and our students unprepared for life. The majority of high school graduates can read. They can perform basic arithmetic. They know some literature, history, and civics. They are more computer literate than ever before, yet the U.S. Department of Education's National Commission on Excellence in Education concludes in â€Å"A Nation at Risk:† If an unfriendly power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war. As it stands, we have allowed this to happen to ourselves. We have even squandered the gains in achievement made in the wake of the Sputnik challenge. Moreover, we have dismantled essential support systems which helped make those gains possible. We have, in effect, been committing an act of unthinking, unilateral educational disarmament" (NCREL 2002). This â€Å"educational disarmament† is really a failure to produce students that are truly competitive in the world marketplace, a failure to make the same technological advances as other industrialized nations. Joel Spring, in The American School (1997), asserts that beginning with the founding of the common school in the nineteenth century, education has been seen as a way of â€Å"ending poverty, providing equality of opportunity, [and] an increasing national wealth† (6). It is the â€Å"increasing national wealth† that students are tested on now, and found lacking. According to Sebastian de Assis, author of Teachers of the World, Unite! (2000), it was during the Industrial Revolution that â€Å"mathematics, sciences, technical and vocational education became pivotal to the sustenance of the new economic order† in the United States (p. 24). Students have become just another part of the great machinery that is America. Either they contribute and m ake the country, and themselves, richer, or they are failures, who have, in turn, been failed by an educational system that did not teach them how to grow rich or help the nation grow rich. Like de Assis (2000), I find the commoditization of students to be more than a little disturbing.

Multicultural Education Means Mediocre Education :: miscellaneous

Multicultural Education Means Mediocre Education Let me begin this essay by stating that I am a retired English teacher of 34 years experience and believe that I have treated all of my students fairly and equitably. Three times I had been named into â€Å"Who’s Who Among American Teachers† and two of those nominations have been by minority students, one black and one Hispanic. Those students realized that my classroom standards were just as tough on them as they were on the majority Caucasian students and that I gave them no favoritism, slack or handicap for their minority-status ethnicity. I had always refused to â€Å"dumb down† my curriculum (Grammar, Vocabulary, Literature, Writing Skills) to accommodate students that lacked motivation, desire, curiosity, cooperation, respect for teacher authority and a willingness to learn. A year before I retired in 1999 my Middle School’s English Department had a special curriculum meeting and the Administration and my Department Supervisor wanted to change and modernize the English curriculum’s literature textbooks. The choice eventually narrowed down to two distinct textbook series (grades six-to-eight) and my school’s nine English teachers voted on which company’s series to incorporate into the school’s English curriculum. Obviously administrative fiat (and pressure and trends from the State Department of Education) was more important than teacher democratic input and the English Department’s overwhelmingly selected first choice was abruptly discarded because the other more â€Å"politically correct† literature textbook series from the administratively preferred company happened to have â€Å"more cultural diversity† and subsequently was more â€Å"multicultural.† For thirty-four years I had loved teaching imaginative literature featuring such accomplished authors as Edgar Allan Poe, Jack London, Alexander Dumas, Charles Dickens, H.G. Wells, Washington Irving, Jules Verne, Mark Twain, S.E. Hinton, George Eliot, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Victor Hugo, William Shakespeare, George Orwell, Kurt Vonnegut, O. Henry and James Thurber. Apparently the fact that all of the aforementioned authors were â€Å"white† was a major problem because most of them had been effectively excluded in the newly acquired literature texts. The old literature texts and program were too white-oriented and were not consistent with New Jersey and USA politically correct trends in â€Å"multicultural education.† The new eighth grade literature textbook featured on its cover a painting of Sam Adoquei’s Portrait of Rockney C. A statement inside the text indicated that Sam Adoquei was born in the West African country of Ghana and that Adoquei was a contemporary artist that loved painting landscapes.

College Tuition Essay

There’s no escaping the fact that college cost are rising. According to recently released reports from the College Board, most students and their families can expert to pay, on average, from $95 to $1,404 more than last year for this year’s tuition and fees, depending on the type of college. (Collegeboard. com) The United States needs to lower the cost of college tuition; because students and parents have had to pay double the amount of money for schooling then they would have ten years ago. In the past five years, the average cost of in-state tuition and fees at public colleges has jumped thirty-five percent. In the past twenty-five years, the average cost of tuition and fees has risen faster than personal income, consumer prices and even health insurance. In 1999 students had to pay $2,489 for universities and $865 for community college. In 2003 the price rose from $3,441 for universities and $1,120 for community college. In 2006 the price jumped to $4,867 for universities and $1,483 for community college. Between 1999 and 2006 there was a 95. 54 percent change in the universities pay and a 71. 45 percent change for community colleges. There is no denying the fact that college tuition has doubled in prices (USAtoday. com). According to stateuniversity. com Blinn College undergraduate tuition for in-district students is $1,260, for in-state $2,478 and for out of state $5670; not including the undergraduate required fee which is $1,176 for all three districts. For tuition alone you are spending between $2,436 and $6,846. Now if you add in books and supplies which runs between $946 and $995. You also can not forget about room and board which can run $5,888 to $6,047 (stateuniversity. com). If you add that all together for Blinn College you are expected to spend roughly $9,270 to attend Blinn College for a semester. A small reduction in state support may result in a large increase in tuition. We help pay for maintaining access for handicapped students; Meetings environmental requirements; screening international students; and conforming to historical preservation requirements. If you think about it we are helping out the school and students. Prices increase as colleges compete for students to come to there college. Of course there are scholarships and financial aid, but not everyone can qualify for them. Paul Middendorf, 54, Richmond, Texas says, â€Å"†¦. When my first son, now twenty-six, applied for college, he applied for dozens of scholarships but was told they earned too much money to qualify for financial aid. † They had to finance their children’s college education with a mix of savings and federal parent loans. (USAtoday. com) According msnbc. msn. com; a companion report released on trends in student aid in grant aid – money students do not have to pay back – have covered only about one-third of the increase at public four year schools. Students are footing more and more of the bill with private loans from banks and student loans companies. Undergraduate private borrowing grew twelve percent to $14. 5 billion in 2006-2007. The rate of increase in total private borrowing for education has slowed, but borrowing has increased over the last decade. Legislators are tired of taking the blame for the escalating price of a college education, and some – mainly Democrats – say they want to resume setting tuition themselves. University leaders argue that the additional money is crucial for attracting and retaining top faculty. (chron. com) Students and families are caught in the middle. â€Å"With tuition and gas, it is hard to make end’s meet,† said Charlotte Atkinson, 26, a senior at the University of Houston. Instead of having to digest such an immense amount of information, students and their families should be able to apply for financial aid by making a note on their tax returns (a solution advocated by Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama). It is hard to even realize that money is such a big factor in our lives today. Based on the information I have given you it is a fact that the cost of college tuition needs to be lowered so that more students can attend and pay for college.

Life Without Music Written by a 4th Grader

â€Å"Without music, life would be a mistake (Friedrich Nietzsche)†. What is the function of music to life and to the society? By definition, music is the art or science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion. Music universal and without it, the world would be a totally different place, and in this essay I will discuss how. Firstly I will be discussing about how music is extremely important and then I will talk about a counter-argument on why this is not so.For my counter-argument, it will be based on the premise of modern music. â€Å"It’s the music that you choose† – 19-2000 by Gorillaz in their debut album Why is music important? Music is a universal language, but what does this mean? Music, or at least good music, conveys a lot of emotion, ideas and notions that are inexpressible in English, or any other language. What does music do? Music breaks this language barrier and provid es people with means of communication. It inspires common human feelings and bridges gaps between cultures that spoken languages cannot.It brings people together and creates universal community. â€Å"After silence, that which comes nearest to expressing the inexpressible is music. † – Aldous Huxley Music is one of the best ways to evoke emotions healthily. It touches our emotional being and evokes moods and feelings that are sometimes difficult to express. It can change a difficult mood and make it happy or excited; it can change a light mood and take it deeper and more profound. For people who are not good at expressing their emotions, music is a very good method to do so.It has been shows that people with Asperger’s Syndrome ( high-functioning autism) benefit from music. Bottling up emotions is extremely unhealthy. If music be the food of love, play on. – William Shakespeare One good thing about music, when it hits you, you feel no pain. -Bob Marley Mu sic also generates an ambient atmosphere. You can use music in any environment to enhance and augment what is already there. For me, personally, music is my sanctuary. Music is my release of emotions and I love ‘feeling' the music.I put everything I have into it so I can put the emotions the composer was feeling when they wrote the piece. Then when I’ve finished playing/listening I feel like I’ve accomplished something great. Music is something that I can control and change to fit whatever I’m feeling. Religious people also claim that music heightens their spirituality. Every religion on the planet uses music in some form or the other to enhance the soul, whether it is the rhythmic chants from Buddhism or the devotional songs in Hinduism.Music is recreational; listening to soothing songs can be a way of relaxing and allowing your body and mind to take break from the monotony of life. Studies have proven that music can be a good way of helping your imaginat ion develop There is nothing in the world so much like prayer as music is. – William P. Merrill There are other various benefits from music such as enhanced brain function, helping develop the imagination, and making mundane and boring activities much, much more enjoyable â€Å"Reality leaves a lot to the imagination. † – John LennonThere really is no objective answer to the question â€Å"Why is music important†. It inspires people and allows us to get in touch with our emotions in a way that is unique. For those amongst us who find it difficult to express ourselves, music can evoke reactions. Your mood can change from dark and depressed to elated and delirious happiness with just the selection of the right track and a hit of the play button. Music works wonders on creating a certain atmosphere. You can use music to liven up a boring party or to create a romantic ambiance.For my counter-argument I will modify Nietzsche’s quote by a little, â€Å" Without Good music, life would be a mistake (Friedrich Nietzsche)†. I completely agree with Nietzsche’s statement of how without music, one’s life is incomplete. In modern music there is no depth and emotion in their music and this can be seen from artists like â€Å"Lady GaGa, Justin bieber, Katy Perry and various others†. I shall quote from the song â€Å"poker face† by Lady GaGa, she repeats â€Å"Poker face† till infinity.There is no emotion or feelings conveyed in this type of music, therefore, life is incomplete without Good Music. In conclusion, music is essential in the lives of people as it plays a significant part that no other such form of entertainment can replace and conveys emotions and feelings no language can convey. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. https://www. google. com. sg/search? sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&q=what+is+music%2F#hl=e n&q=music&tbs=dfn:1&tbo=u&sa=X&ei=7uiXT6i5N5GzrAeWoY2oAQ&ved=0CCsQkQ4&bav=on. 2,or. r_gc. r_pw. r_cp. r_qf. ,cf. osb&fp

Hispanic/Latino Culture Essay

Hispanics or Latinos are defined as a people of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South or Central American, or other Spanish speaking culture. This term â€Å"Hispanics† was created by the U. S. federal government in the early 1970’s to refer to Americans born in a Spanish speaking nation or with ancestry to Spanish territories. Hispanics people are vibrant, socializing, and fun loving people. Among various facts associated to this culture is that they have a deep sense of involvement in their family traditions and cultures. Hispanics / Latinos have strong non-verbal and verbal ways of communication. To better understand one another they overly rely the use of non-verbal communication. This includes facial expressions, hand and body movements, physical touch, voice pitch, voice sounds, and physical appearances. A Hispanic mother screaming as her child takes their first steps is a type of sound and facial expressions use to show emotion without words. A firm handshake is a common practice between people as greeting and as they leave. A hug and a light kiss on a cheek are also common greetings practices between woman, and men and woman who are close friends or family. Children are also though to practice this ways of greetings to their elders in a way to show respect. Men also hug each other in sign of affection. Making eye contact when being spoken to is also a sign of respect, especially if the person is elder. I remember if my mother was talking to me as a child and I looked away, I was in so much trouble! Non-verbal communication is very important in face-to-face communication also because it shows feelings, intentions, and reactions. In the Hispanic culture respect is highly valued and shown by using formal titles when communicating verbally. Communicating phrases are used daily like â€Å"A sus ordenes† (at your command), â€Å"para servirle a usted† (at your service), â€Å"mi reyna† (my queen), or â€Å"mi rey† ( my king). When it comes to advice, Hispanic families prefer to communicate with their elders because of their experience. For example, when one becomes sick the elder may advice a safe simple home remedy. The Hispanic culture has different values, beliefs, and traditions. Family is highly value. Family is a close-knit group and the most important social group to gather in any events or special days. The Hispanic â€Å"family unit† includes not only parents and children but also grandparents and extended family. Individuals within the family have moral responsibilities to help other members of the family experiencing financial problems, unemployment, health conditions and any other life issues. They show the importance placed upon relationship within their family extending a hand in good times and bad. Respeto y dignidad (respect and dignity) are other important values of the Hispanic culture. Children’s are taught to avoid confrontations with parents and older persons, and to be obedient and respectful. The Hispanics believe that the father is head of the family and the mother is to take care of home. Naming children after grandparents and parents is fairly common. A well-known tradition is the celebration of a fifteen year old girl called Quincenera. Hispanics culture and traditions are based around celebrating and spending time with love ones. Hispanics usually give great importance to and place great value on looks and appearance as a sense of honor, dignity, and pride. Formal attire is commonly used for going to church and all religious celebrations as well as parties, social gatherings, and work, Although this tradition seems less common in Latinos that have been in the USA for a while. Tennis shoes and jeans however are becoming more popular among Hispanic woman particularly in non-formal events. It is very important to know that most Americans who were born in or have ancestry of a Spanish speaking nation see themselves and refer to themselves by their ethnic identity. For example, they prefer usually to be referred as Cuban, Mexican, Colombian, or Puerto Rican, not as Hispanic or Latino. Being a diverse mix of many countries there is no doubt we form the most rich and unique culture growing in the USA.

Nike Marketing Report Essay

The purpose of this report is to use concepts, models and theories to critically assess and evaluate Nike’s digital marketing activities. Within the report models such as the Marketing Mix and Assofs Matrix are used to demonstrate the importance of Nike’s digital campaigns and evaluate their validity. The report begins with an introduction to Nike as a company; this is a brief history into how the company was conceived. After this we explore different  product ranges Nike have to offer and their share within the sporting goods market. I go on to discuss how â€Å"Nike create anâ€Å"ecosystem† of digital services that complement its product range and encourage consumers to connect with the brand daily†(Olander, S., 2012). I continue to use evidence to support the importance of digital based marketing at Nike. I demonstrate the way in which they target their specific markets using social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. My conclusion focuses on the flaws and achievements of the companies digital marketing efforts. Nike is a company that has an impeccable record when it comes to marketing and its reflected within the examples I present throughout. Using Assofs matrix model I assess what Nike will have to do to remain dominant within its market. These include: – Diversifying into emerging foreign markets such as Chine and India. – Utilizing relationship marketing more effectively with marketing campaigns segmented to the consumers individually. – Market development within its pre-established markets – Product development to keep up with current digital trends Introduction to Nike As smaller companies are fading away and large multinationals are flourishing its hard to think of them having any similarities. One company that boasts of being that largest sportswear company in the world, started out with humble beginnings. I have chosen to analyze Nike due in part to their large online presence, which continues to grow and adapt to their ever-changing environment. The way in which we consume information has drastically changed in the last 20 years causing companies to rethink their marketing strategies. I believe that Nikes success as a company is due in part to its effective use of marketing to create a strong brand image and its adaptability when faced with a digital revolution within the global markets. Track athlete Philip Knight and his coach, Bill Bowerman created Nike in 1964. Originally called Blue Ribbon Sports, the company started as an American distributer of footwear made by Onitsuka Tiger, a Japanese shoe maker that would later go on to found the sportswear company ASICS. Originally Blue Ribbon Sports conducted their business out of the back of Phillip Knight’s car after training. Knight’s and Bowerman’s business grew and 2 years after they had first created their brand they had opened their first store in California. This is when they adopted the name Nike, inspired by the ancient Greek goddess of victory. This was the time they would also start using the iconic image of the â€Å"swoosh†. After this point their business started to expand rapidly. It did so by â€Å" Pursuing different advertising strategies in its various markets, while at the same time striving to communicate an identical brand identity worldwide† (Von Borries, 2004, p19) . In 1988 Dan Wieden of the Wieden and Kennedy advertising agency coined one of the most famous advertising slogans of all time. The Iconic â€Å"just do it†. The slogan has been chosen as one of the most iconic slogans of the 20th century by Advertising Age magazine. (Nike: History and Heritage , 2012). Financially Nike has seen a massive growth from its humble beginnings of selling products from the trunk of a car to having revenue of $24.148 billion and a income of $ 3.040 billion in 2012 (United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 2011) Nike has been extremely effective at expanding beyond its domestic market of the United States to become a global brand that boasts 44,000 employees worldwide. When it comes to the products produced by Nike it is clear that they have diversified slowly over the years to produce an extremely broad range of sporting goods. Their range of products includes shoes, team kits, clothing and base layers to name a few. As a company they also produce goods for an array of sports including, ice hockey, track and field, tennis, football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and cricket. Like any other sporting goods companies they face many  competitors within the market. These include Adidas, Reebok, Fila, Puma, New Balance, Asics, and Skechers though Nike is the largest company within the group. Adidas is its closest competitor with a 16 % market share compared to 31% help by Nike. Not only is Nike the leader within its market but it also has the most creative marketing campaigns, which I believe to be the key contributor to its international success. Though they have faced controversy over the years with accusations of poor working conditions and low pay for staff they have managed to continue their dominance within the market. They are a true testament to what branding and marketing can achieve within a retail company.

Compare a gay speaker to a straight speaker Essay

Compare a gay speaker to a straight speaker - Essay Example However, one also believes that other factors influence the manner by which oral or verbal communication is relayed. As such, the research questions are as follows: (1) Does intonation of gays share similar patterns with females, more than male counterparts? (2) Does phrasing or the manner of responding to questions of gays or men depend somehow on stereotyped beliefs according to sexual orientation? The data collection method is through one-on-one or face-to-face interview. Two (2) separate interviews were conducted by the researcher on different settings and occasions. The gay person would be referred to as Speaker 1 and the male person interviewed would be referred to as Speaker 2. Speaker 1 was interviewed for about a little less than 20 minutes; while Speaker 2 was interviewed for about a little more than 40 minutes. A prepared set of questions assisted in soliciting the needed information and responses for both speakers. To facilitate the speakers’ ability to respond, easy and personal questions relating to their experiences, perceptions, and views formed the framework of the research methodology. The speakers were informed that their responses would be recorded and that their responses would be held in strict and confidential nature. Interviewing men from different gender types in terms of linguistic patterns generated similar and different results. To simplify data gathering and collection and compare the speakers’ linguistic phenomenon on a similar context, similar time frames were used as a point of review. For instance, for the first 10 minutes, the number of times that the speakers were noted to have exhibited rising intonations as contrasted with falling intonations, as well as providing concise responses in contrast to expounding on the issues, were noted. Likewise, the overall speed of the responses (slow versus

Astronomy and Quantum Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Astronomy and Quantum Physics - Essay Example The macrocosmic view of astrophysics posits billions of galaxies besides our own, innumerable stars, and planets, and this further points to the fact that we really know little about the universe in our limited, arrogant, ego states of consciousness. The religious view informs this understanding through â€Å"shamanic ecstasy† as Kessler calls it in â€Å"Studying Religion: An Introduction Through Cases,† where he describes the shaman travelling to the heavens and attaining a mystical unitive experience. (Kessler, 2007, p.143) In another way, Kessler suggests that the Buddhist conception of enlightenment may relate to a cosmic experience of being that is related directly to the universe of astrophysics. (Kessler, 2007, p.143-4) Knowing what we do of the nature of the cosmos, with many different possibilities of life, and also understanding Buddhist conceptions of re-incarnation, these two views can combine in a manner that merges the spiritual and physical to see life c ontinuing and developing in different forms across a variety of planets and star systems. The microcosmic view of quantum physics tends to infinite smallness where the astrophysics tends towards infinite expansion. That the two may merge in large cycles of time where the universe expands and then contracts to a single point over periods of billions of millennia or more is a massive concept of time cycles that accords with the Buddhist philosophical standpoint and modern physics.

The highs and lows of Richard Nixon in American Political Culture Term Paper

The highs and lows of Richard Nixon in American Political Culture - Term Paper Example That as the Americans repeatedly strive for abundance in material possession, they have inadvertently ignored the gnawing abyss of their spirit. That as the Americans pursue policy of democratization, they have inevitably enforced socialistic and even nihilistic measures to their often defenseless prey. That as the Americans clamor for a much needed change in the nation, they have listlessly stood in the sidelines in hopes of having someone initiate such changes. To this lethargy, Nixon fervently hoped for ethical consciousness to spread amongst the people as he believed that the key to societal revolution can only be found in the hands of someone brave enough to forge it on his own (Nixon’s Inaugural Speech, par. 19). But while Nixon has been adamant in calling for the inherent patriotism embedded in every citizen of the United States, he seemed to have shamefully engineered what has come to be known as the single greatest political scandal of all time. The same person that marched into the southeastern edge of the world to preach about social justice and human rights was the same person who appeared to have ordered for the termination of some government officials deemed as loose ends in the so-called â€Å"operation.† The same head of state who took it upon himself to span the ideological differences of nations to reach the Soviets became the main antagonist in the brewing saga of political warlordism and modern tyranny. However, many are still of the belief that such atrociousness could not have been ordered by a man that the Americans have come to trust and respect. Many people remain adamant in proclaiming that such act could not have been a conscious decision made by a morally upright and virtuous man who spent his entire professional career serving the American people first through the navy, then the House of Representatives, Senate, office f the Vice President and finally, the office of the President. What then could have forced such upright gentleman to condone and even precipitate such malevolent deeds? Could such have been spawned by resentful political advisors out to take the seat away from a political personality that has evolved into a name that became too hot to handle? Or was it caused by nothing more than power begetting power? In Context Richard Milhous Nixon was born to Francis A. Nixon and Hannah Milhous Nixon on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. Richard was second in a b rood of five: Harold (1903 - 1933); Richard (1913 - 1994); Donald (1914 - 1987); Arthur (1918 - 1925); and, Edward (1930) (nps.gov). By typical standards, the Nixon family is poor and the family only managed to scrape by through life with the meager income generated by their farm. However, in 1922, the family struggled to make ends meet as the farm that was used to support the family with five sons, was fraught with hardships that soon forced it to close down (nixonlibrary.gov). Francis and Hannah Nixon then decided to move their family to Whittier, California where they envisioned re-building their lost business (nps.gov). Upon arriving at Whittier, the Nixon couple opened a grocery store and a gas station

Cartridge world Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cartridge world - Case Study Example Take for instance the Cartridge world has reduced the cost of printer cartridges allowing its customers to enjoy using their products without losing quality. The company has for this reason exceeded the expectations of its customers, and its competitors cannot duplicate such service (Arthur, Margaret and John 2011, 56). Focusing on becoming an overall low-cost leader has created a competitive advantage for cartridge world. They have differentiated their products and services from competition; they provide warranty so as not to invalidate their products to their customers. They also provide free collection and delivery; thus, cutting the cost for their customers (Jayne and William 2006, 45). The company has also focused on having distinct appeal to an individual or groups of customers, or maybe industrial buyers, concentrating on their differentiation concerns or cost. The company was able to recognize a need that existed in the market and was able to fulfill it. When its customers demanded change in the price of the ink cartridges, cartridge world introduced a new printer that was able to offer a cheap ink cartridge. It then introduced the product for sale at a competitive price (Porter 1998, 40). Fulfilling an existing need in the market was for that reason more effective than an attempt to identify e new need in the market and then making the customers aware of the need (Pearce and Robinson 2004,

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT - Project Plan Assignment

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT - Project Plan - Assignment Example It contains the project plan developed for Anglia Tower, a proposed commercial tower on the 125,000 square metres Southwark plot. The report lists the responsibilities of the project manager of Project Anglia Tower; the structure of the organisation; the stakeholders involved; the project life cycle; the possible work scheduling and cost budgeting methods; and quality, risk and communication management plans. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 2 Project manager’s responsibilities 5 Project Overview 6 Objectives of the project 7 Project organisation 8 Organisation Chart 8 Stakeholders 8 Work to be performed 10 Start-up 10 Planning 11 Executing 12 Terminating 12 Schedule Information 12 Budgeting 14 Project management support tools 15 Monitoring plans 17 Quality management plan 17 Risk management plan 18 Communication management plan 19 Reference List 21 Project manager’s responsibilities A project manager would be chosen to head the construction proje ct. The project manager would be in charge of overall management of the construction as well as for other aspects such as co-operation between teams, timely completion and positive work environment. The detailed responsibilities of the project manager are (University of Glasgow, 2013; Project Smart, 2013): 1. Facilitate co-ordination between different arms of the project and ensure smooth transition from one process to another 2. Regularly evaluate project progress and team productivity to make sure the work goes as per specifications 3. Manage conflicts among team members to make sure the project is prioritised higher than personal problems 4. Provide leadership and guidance to the entire project team 5. Manage relations with the stakeholders and keep them duly informed of work progress 6. Provide clear directions to team members and ensure there is no ambiguity in interpreting what is to be done 7. Motivate team members to deliver their best performance 8. Discuss clearly with mem bers whenever there is an issue, a change in plan or a difference between stakeholder’s expectations and results 9. Anticipate, control and mitigate risks that arise during carrying out the project 10. Ensure that work is going on as per project schedule and there is no delay in completion 11. Manage project costs to ensure that it does not exceed the budget 12. Utilise the allocated resources in a planned manner to make sure all the desired achievable are met 13. Procure raw materials and equipments as per need and routinely conduct quality inspection to ensure there are no compromises made on the quality of the project 14. Conduct meetings with stakeholders if there are instances of cost overruns or time delay 15. Ensure the safety of all the workers and other members of the team 16. Maintain a record of all equipments and materials procured, used, in use and in inventory 17. Manage logistics inflow and outflow to and from the project site Project Overview British Construct ion Works is one of the medium-sized construction companies in the British Isles, having presence in housing and commercial space construction and road works. Since its inception in 1991, it has completed over 100 projects in just 22 years. Recently, the Greater London Authority (GLA) has issued a tender for the construction of a new tower slated for commercial usage. Situated in Southwark, the 125,000 square metre plot earmarked for the project occupies a prominent location within London and is in close proximity with